Zionism :: essays research papers

 â â â â Do you know the good to the narrative of the tortoise and the rabbit? Is it steady minded individuals will win in the end? Or on the other hand is it that presumptuousness wastes your time? They are both right yet this is a genuine case of how a children’s tale, similar to understandings of the book of scriptures, can without much of a stretch be not quite the same as each other. Translations of the good book fluctuate and sometimes get the message wrong, however this variety can be credited contrasts of feeling in understanding. Regardless of whether propelled by legislative issues, social presuppositions, or philosophical contrasts the variety can portray Biblical data. Time has a huge influence in the varieties of Biblical understanding. The translation as indicated by the rabbinic midrash is altogether different than understandings as indicated by present day Zionism or so far as that is concerned current Feminism.      Classic midrash filled a significant need for the creators of the Torah. It permitted them to make an approach to make the Torah a personal piece of the lives of Jews. The aftereffect of changing Biblical stories in to all the more convincing and intriguing stories gave the essayists of the Torah an approach to interface with the Jewish individuals on an increasingly close to home level. The scholars of the Torah understood that the Jewish individuals could interface with the Biblical stories more on the off chance that they could relate the accounts to regular daily existence. What the creators of the Torah neglected to acknowledge is that by changing the accounts, they had now included the suppositions and convictions of the time into their accounts. This is the reason for some updates to come.      Rabbis during the seventh and eighth hundreds of years built up an unmistakable part of Jewish mystery. The Kabala deciphers the Scriptures as an obscure way, and looks for answers to the heavenly secrets. Kabala required exceptional contemplation and preliminary rituals that lead to an enchanted association with God. The managing factor close by is the possibility of confidence. It is confidence in the experience is the thing that permitted the rabbis to decipher the Scripture. Here again we see and case of the manners by which Biblical data is deciphered.      The Zionist development carried with it the craving to make a national personality for the Jewish individuals. So as to achieve this Herzl felt that Jewish individuals should move to a zone where they could get away from the counter Semitism in Germany. The reason for standards of Zionism is to build up a national personality for the Jewish people group.

Market Based Accounting Research Impacts

Market Based Accounting Research Impacts Market-based Accounting Research Presentation Bookkeeping gives budgetary information about the exhibition of an organization. This information empowers bookkeeping data clients, including financial specialists, to take their choices about putting resources into the portions of an organization. Essentially, bookkeeping research assesses the helpfulness of this bookkeeping information to financial specialists and different clients. The connection between the two can be analyzed through market-based bookkeeping research. Market-based bookkeeping research is a hunt into connection between freely revealed bookkeeping data and the outcomes of utilization of this data by value financial specialists. As it were, advertise based bookkeeping research inspects the relationship between bookkeeping numbers and security return and tests whether bookkeeping information convey any data substance to security showcase. Method of reasoning for the Research Market-based Accounting Research is very applicable to the investigation of capital market effectiveness, CAPM, data financial matters and guideline. The principle drive of market-based bookkeeping research originates from significant improvements in account hypothesis during the most recent couple of decades, particularly in late 50s and mid 60s. These advancements incorporate portfolio choice hypothesis, Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), and the idea of data proficient capital markets followed by improvements in data financial aspects, organization hypothesis and ideal motivation flagging models. The method of reasoning of this examination has its premise in the exploration here previously. In the course of recent decades, a lot of research in showcase based bookkeeping research has developed to assess the handiness of bookkeeping information to speculators and the relationship between the bookkeeping numbers and security return. Truth be told in the ongoing years because of improvement of capital markets, globalization and increment in stock exchanging, showcase based bookkeeping research has gotten significantly progressively significant. Contemporary market-based bookkeeping research has essentially centered around its worldwide measurement which has had significant arrangement suggestions for controllers and other people who manage divulgence prerequisites in various stock trades. The focal point of this paper will be on analyzing how advertise based bookkeeping research impacts the sort of regular stock exchanged significant stock trades. Considering this, the investigation will analyze the connection between bookkeeping numbers, financial exchange returns and market valuations. Key Aims Objectives As showed over, the prime focal point of the investigation is to inspect contemporary bookkeeping hypothesis and research with an accentuation on advertise based bookkeeping examination and its effect on capital markets. As market put together bookkeeping research is based with respect to the valuation of firms and their protections, the utilization of fiscal reports for valuation purposes, and the suggestions for money related revealing and corporate administration, every one of these territories will shape a piece of this investigation. The examination plans to: Portray the idea of market based bookkeeping research Recognize the data substance of market-based bookkeeping research Give a knowledge into neighborhood economic situations just as near worldwide condition of market-based bookkeeping research. Analyze the job of market-based bookkeeping research and the significance of revelation of bookkeeping data on capital markets Inspect how distributed data is utilized by financial specialists for structuring their exchanging techniques Depict how showcase based bookkeeping research data impacts the capital markets proficiency Portray bookkeeping based valuation and relate it to the substance of brokers’ reports Key Research Questions The three key research questions proposed to be analyzed by this examination are: What is the job of bookkeeping data in capital markets? What is the data substance of bookkeeping data? What is the market-based bookkeeping research theory in setting of effect on financial specialists putting resources into stocks? Another key research question is the means by which the market responds to detailed profit, just as the effect of announced income on the properties of analysts’ figures. These inquiries, particularly the data substance of bookkeeping data, can be estimated by the impact of the data on security costs. While estimating the impact it is accepted that financial specialists can comprehend the distinctions in income that are because of contrasts between bookkeeping strategies. As it were, the examination depends on proficient market theory or the presumption that stock costs precisely and rapidly adjust to all accessible data and in this manner keep people from getting unusual return. Proposed Research Methodology Wellsprings of Data/Information The investigation will be both exploratory just as spellbinding and will depend on both essential just as auxiliary wellsprings of data. Testing for Primary Information Essential information will be gathered from an example comprising of the two agents just as individual and institutional dynamic financial specialists who have put resources into value partakes in a couple pre-chosen organizations recorded on the US or European stock trades. The time of venture will be from 2000-2006 as 6 years is an adequate time to break down the effect. These speculators will be picked based on the recurrence with which they put resources into the protections. Information will be gathered by managing polls looking for data on how these financial specialists settle on a venture choice. Wellsprings of Secondary Information The prime wellspring of optional information will be: Yearly reports of the chose organizations viable. The factors that will be engaged upon will incorporate stock returns, profits, net gain at a bargain, return of value, return on resource, obligation proportion, premium inclusion, current proportion, Price-acquiring proportion and cost. The last report will be enhanced with data from: Writing look ( allude rundown of references toward the finish of the report ) Past articles and research in the territory Web look: Searching explicit information from Yahoo and Google web search tool Information Analysis Information will be aggregated into information ace sheets. The measurable portrayal for all the factors will be introduced in a different table. The different arrangements of data pooled over the multi year time of study will be obviously introduced in the table in setting of the different factors. The standard deviation and furthermore relationship between's the factors and the stock return will be resolved and investigated. Relationship will be founded on Karl Pearson’s technique for connection. Notwithstanding standard deviation and relationship, relapse investigation will likewise be utilized for looking at the market response to revealed bookkeeping data. Relapse is utilized for investigation of effect of autonomous factors on the reliant variable. The reliant variable for relapse investigation will be stock returns while the autonomous factors will be profits, Net pay on Sale, return of value, return on resource, obligation proportion, premium inclusion, current proportion, and value income proportion. Relapse conditions will be settled utilizing Ordinary Least Square technique (OLS). Subjective information accumulated from the speculators may remember assessments of respondents for a specific issues, purposes behind certain conduct and depictions of specific systems, practices or recognitions with which the analyst isn't comfortable. The information can be broke down by characterizing all answers into a couple of classifications. References Abeyratna, G, A.A.Lonie, D.M. Force and C.D. Sinclair (1993), The Stock Market Reaction to Dividend Announcements: A UK Study of a Complex Market Signal, University of Dundee. Bonin, Joseph M. what's more, Edward A. Moses (1974), Seasonal Variations in Prices of Individual Dow Jones Industrial Stocks, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis Charest, Guy (1978) Dividend Information, Stock Returns and Market Efficiency II, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 6 Dyckman, Thomas R. what's more, Dale Morse (1986), Efficient Capital Markets and Accounting: A Critical Analysis, Prentice-Hall. Encourage, Taylor W. what's more, Don Vickrey (1978) The Information Content of Stock Dividend Announcement, Accounting Review. Vol. LIII. No. 2 Kinney, W. (April 1986.), Empirical Accounting Research Design for Ph.D. Understudies, Accounting Review Kothari, S.P. Capital Markets Research in Accounting, Journal of Accounting and Economics Vol. 31 Nos. 1-3 Ross, Stephen A. 1978, The Current Status of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). The Journal of Finance, Vol.XXXIII. No. 3 Scholes, Myron S. 1972. The Market for Securities: Substitution versus Price Pressure and the Effects of Information on Share Prices, Journal of Business

Blog Archive B-School Chart of the Week The Role of Women Within the Class of 2017

Blog Archive B-School Chart of the Week The Role of Women Within the Class of 2017 Although quantifying a school’s profile certainly does not tell you everything, it can sometimes be helpful in simplifying the many differences between the various MBA programs. Each week, we bring you a chart to help you decide which of the schools’ strengths speak to you. Gender equality has been a popular discussion topic in the business school world recently. Harvard Business School (HBS) announced a program to recruit women in April, while such publications as the Financial Times have examined the topic by offering comparisons and scorecards of various schools. What is the situation at the moment? We took a closer look at the recently matriculated Class of 2017. Perhaps unsurprisingly, none of the top-ranked schools that we examined yet have a 50/50 gender divide in their Class of 2017. The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and the Northwestern University Kellogg School of Management came closest, with women representing 43% of each school’s class. At 42%, the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, HBS, and the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College were not far behind. The school with the lowest percentage was the UCLA Anderson School of Management, where only 30% of the incoming class are women. Source: Business school class profiles, Class of 2017 Share ThisTweet B-School Charts

How Education Is A Major Factor - 1738 Words

The above graph shows the how education is a major factor in the variation of changes of the United States during this time frame. For the birth year, it would be the birth year of the parents of the students going to college. The percent is the percentage of students that completed college. As you can easily tell that the elite class keeps rising, while the low class barely moves. The developed country of the United States has increased the college costs for students in recent years. Higher costs only benefit the wealthy and lower-income students lose in this situation. Lower-income households end up borrowing too much. It doesn’t affect the elite; in fact, they have the largest spike opposed to the other classes. Although college completion rates have increased, the cost of borrowing has also increased for lower class households. In a developing country, since there is more poverty and less parents that went to college, it led to most adults not having any schooling. During my research, I came to a realization that the United States is actually increasing slowly in income inequality. I saw this in another factor: health. The U.S. has a universal health care system that sometimes benefits people by providing little cost co-pays. The length of life varies among the individuals and it was found that additional income allows for better care of oneself. This says that greater income inequality will produce greater inequality of life spans within countries. The life expectancyShow MoreRelatedFactors Affecting Bpe Students to Shift Majors1103 Words   |  5 PagesBackground and Theoretical Framework of the Study Education prepares children for the world of work and helps them to develop their personal talents, discover who they are, and where they would best fit into society’s workforce as viewed by the Functionalist. They see three main function of education; role allocation, providing skills, and socialization. Education can be seen to provide pupils/ students with the curriculum and hidden curriculum; teaching skills that will prepare them physicallyRead MoreFinding Factors That Effective Benefit Inclusion On Physical Education1104 Words   |  5 PagesThe purpose of this article is to find factors that effective benefit inclusion in physical education. In this article they test teachers who are teaching adapted physical education and also regular physical education. All most of the teachers have taken classes in adapted physical education and inclusion in physical education. In being able to find ways that will improve the effectiveness of adapted physical education students the y will be able to now the most effective way to better their learningRead MoreContextual Factors Essay677 Words   |  3 PagesRunning head: WEEK FOUR ASSIGNMENT ONE Contextual Factors Two examples of contextual factors that influence a curriculum Contextual factors can be defined as any situations, forces or circumstances that may exist within or outside a nursing school and has to probability of influencing the school and the different programs. These factors are divided into two group’s internal and external factors. The internal contextual factors are those that originate within the institution such asRead MoreIntegrative Review : Obesity And Obesity1528 Words   |  7 PagesIntegrative Review Synthesis The number of obese and overweight individuals throughout the world is rapidly growing. There are many factors that contribute to the reason obesity has become such an epidemic. The purpose of this integrative review is to review and critically appraise the literature on the socioeconomic factors that influence obesity in a community. After doing so, one is able to better understand the strengths, weaknesses, gaps and inconsistencies within the literature. SynthesisRead MoreStudents Face Risk Factors For The Academic Achievement879 Words   |  4 Pagesprocess which refers to students who face risk factors and succeeds academically where the achievement gap claims they should fail. These students face risk factors such as racism, violence, and low socio-economic status and still manage to excel academically. Resilience Theory addresses that people demonstrate to rise and succeed as long as the risk factors are alleviated. The four factors associated with resilience theory are â€Å"risk factors, protective factors, vulnerability areas, and compensatory strategiesRead MorePurpose Of College Education1041 Words   |  5 PagesDo you love the major that you are about to follow or are currently enrolled? What is the objective for you to have a career? What does it mean to be a professional for you? Many people do not know the meaning or objective to have a college education because they do not consider important factor when it comes to make an important choice in this case, your career. Today in America the purpose of a college education can be interpretive in different ways and meaning depending on the position of eachRead MoreSolutions to Poverty Essay1328 Words   |  6 PagesPoverty is a major problem in the United States today. Social, economical, political, and cultural factors all contribute to poverty. Education and economic development are two major issues that will help prevent poverty. The United States Census Bureau defines poverty as an economic condition in which people lack sufficient income to obtain basic needs for food, housing, clothing, health services and education. In other words, poverty is powerlessness, a lack of representation and freedom. PovertyRead MoreThe Socio Economic Factors Of Teenage Pregnancy1517 Words   |  7 PagesNew Zealand, 2003). It is important to identify the socio economic factors of teenage pregnancy to lower the chances of mental health problems in young mothers. In this paper the aim is to analyse the main socio economic factors of teenage pregnancy and discuss how it affects the mental health of an adolescent mother in New Zealand. This essay will commence by identifying how a lack of education is considered as a socio economic factor associated with teenage pregnancy, followed by the second themeRead MoreLearning Inner Workings Of The United States Education System1102 Words   |  5 Pagesthree major themes that have been a persistent in factor in my school observations, in selected novels, in lecture, and in the required text for this course. Those areas are how the United States education system works, what drives a teacher, and what makes a teacher effective. This explication will focus on the three educational areas that have made the biggest impact on me this semester. A major factor I have taken away this semester is learning inner workings of the United States education systemRead MoreAnalysis Of Donaldsons Notion Of An Ethical Wealth Of Nations1190 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: In Donaldson’s notion of an â€Å"Ethical Wealth of Nations†, he talks about an ethical advantage of nations, and, how ethical values play an important role in molding the foundation of economic prosperity of nations. In the essay by Professor Jennings, he makes an attempt to extend Donaldson’s work and fill in some of the loopholes in the latter’s theories. The three major points made in his essay are: 1. Institutions play a vital role in the manner in which ethical values drive a nation

The Forcing of Young People into Community or Government...

The Forcing of Young People into Community or Government Service Some people suggest that everyone between the ages of 18 and 21 should be required to perform one year of community or government service. Such service might include the Peace Corps, Environmental Conservancy Corps, a hospital, the military, a rural or inner-city school, or other community outreach projects. I believe forcing the service of any group of people is a bad idea. In this case, three reasons come to mind as to what makes this idea bad. First, I see this as a form of indentured servitude, even though the folks may earn a paycheck. Second, I feel that this idea takes away from the idea of the United States being a free place to live. And third, much like the idea†¦show more content†¦I think a level of dissent would built among those with no interest in being there, and would ultimately result in the demise of various community efforts. The United States (U.S.) is seen around the globe as a free place to live. Certainly the U.S. has historically had its problems with slavery and indentured servitude, but as time has marched on, the U.S. worked to right those wrongs and pave the way for future generations to live free of such travesties. Forcing people to provide community or governmental services would be a step back in time. It would undermine the underlying fabric of what makes the United States a great place to live. Instituting this type of program would force people to put their lives on hold for twelve months while doing something they may not believe in. Another consideration of this type of program would be which types of programs would qualify for service? Certainly the governing body of this proposed service would maintain a list of eligible services that 18 to 21 year olds could sign up for, but who determines the qualifications for programs? Would handicapped people be excluded from eligibility or excluded from required service? The maintaining of this list and the qualification process would certainly cost quite a bit of money. In the end, the cost of administering these services, as well as paying the young people for those services, may not be cost-beneficial. Once limitations are in place for what a personShow MoreRelatedFood Insecurity Among The United States907 Words   |  4 Pagesvarious reading this past week, I believe the government is doing enough, as much as they can to aid in the issue with food insecurity among its citizens. There are so many programs that cater to families and individuals in need. Especially wom en and children. Social welfare program, such as W.I.C, TANF, General Assistance, food pantries run by the government, etc. all work in efforts to eliminate food insecurities in homes across America. I believe the government is not at 100% percent responsible of theRead MoreEffects of Coloniztionon First Nations1483 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstanding of historic and contemporary colonization, how it continues to affect First Nations, Metis, and or Inuit peoples today and how it may be reflected in your proposed specific area of social work practice. To begin with, colonization began when first contact was made between Indigenous peoples of Canada and Europeans. At first the settlers were humble to Indigenous peoples and learnt how to survive the diverse land of what is known as Canada. As settlers began getting established in CanadaRead MoreResidential Schools753 Words   |  4 PagesIn the 19th century the Canadian government believed it was responsible for educating and caring for the country’s aboriginal people. It though that native peoples best chance for success was to adopt Christianity and Canadian customs. Thus, in 1857 the Gradual Civilization Act was passed to assimilate natives. Children were the main targets, because it was believed that it would be easier to mould a young child as opposed to an adult. By assimilating the aboriginal children into the lower fringesRead MoreRetail Market Of The Retail Industry1726 Words   |  7 PagesHISTORY Retail is the selling of services or goods to consumers to gain a profit. The retail industry is one of the most important and profitable industries in the world economy today. Total annual U.S. retail sales have increased an average of 4.5% between 1993 and 2015, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. The simple idea of creating retail shops, discount stores, and super shops has altered the world of shoppers and consumers worldwide. An estimated two-thirds of the U.S. gross domestic productRead MoreTeaching Children to Kill in Africa1320 Words   |  5 Pagesan opponent. Forcing children to commit such atrocities violates their human rights. Military groups only give their child soldiers the bare necessities to survive. The events child soldiers go through would traumatize an adult. Nobody should be exposed to such horrific experiences, much less children. Many African countries that use child soldiers do not have the resources to stop this practice. Also, many people are afraid to have these children reintegrated into society. People view these childrenRead MoreCanada s Human Development Index906 Words   |  4 Pagesaboriginal population suffers at the hands of the Canadian government. The mistreatment of the Aboriginal population in Canada can historically be dated back to when the first ship arrived during the colonial expansion of the British empire. As Canada grew its nation and population, the maltreatment of aboriginals grew with it. For over a century (1870-1996), the Canadian government adopted an assimilation policy with the intention of forcing the dominate culture upon the aboriginal population andRead MorePhilosophy / Vision Of Leadership1501 Words   |  7 Pagescurrent issues in native communities or communities serving native populations The current issues that are facing the Native Communities across United States is not the slot machines, movie sets or the football fields, as there many other problems facing the Native communities such as insidious, systemic, life or death problems; which will take years and many votes, marches to resolve the issue at hand. However, it will be given the attention to be recognized. The Federal government recognizes 567 tribesRead MoreThe Purposes of Sentencing Essay examples988 Words   |  4 Pagestypes of offences, such are mobile phone theft and drug/alcohol related offences e.g. burglary. The Criminal Justice Act 2003 has introduced minimum sentences to stop people from re-offending. e.g. if offenders commit two offences, they will automatically be sentenced to life imprisonment. The city centres are using a CCTVs to deter people from offending crimes such as violence, criminal damage and shop lifting. The main goal of this aim is to deter an offender from committing a future c rime by fearRead MoreTeen Pregnancy And Its Effects1732 Words   |  7 Pagespresent/cause many (related to social pressure, how people act toward each other, etc.) challenges, and as a result require the total (of everything or everyone) efforts of many to provide solutions. Teen pregnancy has been thought about/believed a social ill for centuries in the United States and has always challenged moral and (honest and right) thoughts and feelings. The money-based costs of teens giving birth are significant, and there are many forcing/forceful/interesting reasons to reduce the teenRead MoreWomens Health Care Services1366 Words   |  6 Pageswomen and young children were showing up in emergency departments and shelters needing medical assistance. These women were homeless and living out of their cars or in nearby parks. There was not just one specific ethnicity. In fact, these women and children were Hispanics, non-Hispanics and African Americans. It was noted that they came from a n eighboring city where there was little assistance given, forcing them to relocate. Consequently, these women learned about this little community of rural

Essay on The Life of Jennifer Shrader Lawrence - 565 Words

Jennifer Shrader Lawrence was born on August 15, 1990 in Louisville, Kentucky. She was discovered at 14 while vacationing in New York. She played different roles including Katniss Everdeen in the movies series The Hunger Games and Mystique in X-Men: First Class. Jennifer had several award nominations including a Golden Globe. In 2010 she received her first Academy Award for Best Actress. Jennifer Shrader Lawrence was born on August 12, 1990. She has two older brothers, Blaine and Ben. Growing up Jennifer lived on a farm outside Louisville, Kentucky. She lived with her mom Karen, her dad, Gary, and her two older brothers. Jennifer was an athletic child. She was involved in cheerleading, field hockey, softball. She also acted in†¦show more content†¦Jennifer has 22 awards. She has an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award, two Golden Globes, an Independent Spirit Award, a Saturn Award, a Palm Springs International Film Festival Award, two Screen Actors Award, a Satellite Award, four Critic’s Choice Movie Award and several other awards. In 2010, Jennifer received her first Academy Award for Best Actress nomination. At the time, she was the second youngest person to get a nomination in that category. In 2012, she was number 1 on AskMen’s list of Top 99 Most Desirable Women of the year. In 2013, ELLE Magazine named her the most powerful women in the entertainment business. She was also named Associated Press Entertainer of the Year for 2013. In 2013, Time recognized her 1 of the 100 most influential people in the world. In Jennifer’s role Katniss Everdeen in The Hunger Games movie series, she inspires people of all ages to stand up for what they believe in. Jennifer is also very inspiring herself. In Hollywood she is considered obese because she is not as skinny as other actresses. Jennifer does not care though. She said that she doesn’t want to not eat. She didn’t want girls to say â€Å"I want to be skinny like Katniss.† Or â€Å"I wish I was as skinny as Jennifer Lawrence.† I find Jennifer very influential because she is a great actress and an amazing role model. Jennifer played one of my favorite characters, Katniss Everdeen. She taught me that if I can dream it, I can achieve

Technologies and Innovations in Aged Care †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Technologies and Innovations in Aged Care. Answer: Introduction Due to an increase in a number of aged population in Australia, aged care facilities have become highly popular in nursing care (Fleming, Fay, Robinson, 2012). According to Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, around 7.8% of the countrys population aged over 65 were in residential care at some point in between 2013 and 2014.There are a given number of factors that determines sustainable and convenient aged care facilities (Bolden, 2017). These factors include financial stability, highly qualified and skilled staff and government support. However, the use of technology in aged care facilities has proved to be one of the most upcoming factors that influence the convenience and quality of care provided (Fleming, Fay, Robinson, 2012). This is due to the fact that the aging population is increasing and the country may find it difficult to provide a high standard of care from the available human resource. The use of technology is fast, accurate and provides a high quality of care (Bolden, 2017). However, most of the technologies in aged care require training of patients on how to use them and their installation in a bit expensive (Willoughby, 2013). This study seeks to discuss various technologies that are used in aged care facilities and how they help in improving the standard of care and wellbeing of patients. In addition, the study seeks to demonstrate their uses, importance and any possible demerits and limitations that hinder their use in aged care facilities. Demonstrate various technologies used in aged care facilities Show various uses, merits and any possible disadvantages of various technologies used in aged care facilities. What are various technologies that are used in aged care facilities? What are various reasons for using such technologies? Age care sector is currently experiencing a technological increase in terms of usage and innovations. There are many exciting and fantastic technologies that are currently available in some and other in most of the aged care residential (Bolden, 2017). Due to that reason, it is important for health care professionals to understand their existence including their basic functions. Most of the aged care facilities technologies play around improving the standard of care, enhancing daily activities of patients and other for direct therapeutic interventions. This literature review demonstrates some of the technologies used in aged care (Bolden, 2017). To begin with, one of the most current technologies used in aged care facilities is the Elsi Smart Floor ("The 4 most exciting technologies and innovations in aged care", 2017). The Elsi Smart Floor uses similar technology as the ipads where alarm and monitoring systems are made up of small pads which are placed on the floor of aged care facility ("The 4 most exciting technologies and innovations in aged care", 2017). The use of these pads is to monitor the movements of various patients and staff who are walking or moving along it in order to provide relevant data that can be used in improving the quality of care (Team, 2017). The pads are made in such way they send data in according to the quality of pressure applied giving anyone monitoring the system a strong insight about the type and mode of movement of the patient (Team, 2017). These types of floor help the health care providers to be able to see what is happening in a given place at a certain time thus helping in immediate int erventions. The floors can also show if the patient is walking or if she or he has fallen to the ground. Another technology commonly used in aged care facilities is Stroke Therapeutic Rehabilitation Occupational Kinetic Experiment (STROKE) (Sugimoto, Ogata, Kashiwagi, 2016). This is among the most recent aged care technology brought out by two brothers Joshua Edye and Kaiden in 2013 after observing their grandfather who had stroke refusing to do physical exercise (Sugimoto, Ogata, Kashiwagi, 2016). The technology although it is not in many aged care homes, is designed in such a way it can increase compliance to physical therapy and rehabilitation by making some of the exercises to be in form of video games helping in the kinetic platform (Sugimoto, Ogata, Kashiwagi, 2016). Other than that, the Paro Therapeutic Robots is another type of technology used in aged care residential that are usually robotic seals used to increase socialization and solve stress issues in aged patients (Webb, Whittle, Schwarz, 2012). Various studies have shown that there is a positive effect that certain animals have on elderly people in reducing stress and encouraging socializations. Due to that reason, the Paro robots are basically made for residential homes of for elderly patients who cannot or do have access to animals in order to provide similar benefits (Webb, Whittle, Schwarz, 2012). In addition, aged care residential currently has an increase internet access. There are various reasons that outweigh the benefits of internet access in these facilities (Fleming, Fay, Robinson, 2012). By connecting online, different patients are able to stay in touch with family members using videos, emails and other social media services (Bolden, 2017). Other than that, internet access makes it possible for aged patients to engage in video games which help in improving socialization and depression problems. Furthermore, by offering access to the internet, aged cares residential are able to promote banking and economic services which cater for patients lifestyles and basic wellbeing and not necessary their care requirements (Bolden, 2017). Some of the aged care homes are installed with smart toilets. The smart toilets technology can check blood pressure, heart rate and proteins or sugar in urine. Information is corrected and send to a central center by a health care provider (Gaskin, Georgiou, Barton, Westbrook, 2012). These smart toilets have other optional features like speech recognitions and verbal prompts. In addition, some smart toilets are designed in such a way they have an altered for cleaning (Gaskin, Georgiou, Barton, Westbrook, 2012). This is done using adjustable self-cleaning nozzles. Studies have shown that these toilets reduce both patients and health care providers stress and other psychological problems. In addition to that, these toilets have demonstrated to have a significant decrease in bacterial growth in urine. More and more aged care facilities are been seen with an increase advancement of telehealth adoption. New Zealand has committed to ensuring all aged care residential have ultra-fast broadband by 2019. The ultrafast broadband has made aged care facilities to have various technological capabilities such as video collaboration solutions ("Privacy within Aged Care Facilities", 2013). This has helped to overcome various challenges such as traveling distances between the health care facilities and hospitals. Other than that, where there is a shortage of healthcare like in rural areas, patients can be consulted over the video by health practitioners from other hospitals ("Privacy within Aged Care Facilities", 2013). Most of the aged care residential have advanced computer technology that has to make it easier for these old patients with impairment to better use computers (Reymond, Israel, Charles, 2012). These computers have special features like large keyboards with different key display plus keyboards that are onscreen, touch screens , screen magnifier and enlargers, speech and voice recognition programs other than mouse and keyboards , screen readers that can read everything out displayed on the screen including graphics, texts menus and control buttons and software programs that can type speech and give auditory feedback of what is being typed ("Dementia-friendly environments - assistive technology", 2017). This multimedia technology used in aged care facilities can promote more mean full contacts between health care provider and individuals with conditions such as dementia. For example, different individuals can look at databases of music, video clips and photographs together ("Dementia-friendly environments - assistive technology", 2017). Various users have limited number of choices using touch screens and can choose whatever they like. Multimedia technology has also proved to help in cognitive issues ("Dementia-friendly environments - assistive technology", 2017). Conclusion Due an increase in a number of aged patients, more and more aged care facilities have been developed. Health care providers can found it difficult to deal with this increasing number of patients without the use of technology. Technology has proved to be fast, accurate and provides a high quality of care making it easy for medical care providers. Due to that reason various technological advancement and innovations have occurred in aged care residential. These aged care facilities have Elsi Smart Floor uses similar technology as the ipads where alarm and monitoring systems are made up small pads which are placed on the floor of aged care facility and can detect movements of patients walking. Stroke Therapeutic Rehabilitation Occupational Kinetic Experiment (STROKE) is designed in such a way it can increase compliance to physical therapy and rehabilitation by making some of the exercises to be in form of video games. In addition, most of the aged care facilities have the multimedia tech nology, smart toilets, advanced computers, telehealth and an increase internet access. References Bolden, S. (2016).Top four technology tips to help aged care providers get ahead iCareHealth.Icarehealth.com.au. Retrieved , from https://www.icarehealth.com.au/blog/top-four-technology-tips-to-help-aged-care-providers-get-ahead/ Dementia-friendly environments - assistive technology. (2017).Www2.health.vic.gov.au. Retrieved, from https://www2.health.vic.gov.au/ageing-and-aged-care/dementia-friendly-environments/assistive-technology Fleming, R., Fay, R., Robinson, A. (2012). Evidence-based facilities design in health care: a study of aged care facilities in Australia.Health Services Management Research,25(3), 121-128. https://dx.doi.org/10.1258/hsmr.2012.012003 Gaskin, S., Georgiou, A., Barton, D., Westbrook, J. (2012). Examining the role of information exchange in residential aged care work practices-a survey of residential aged care facilities.BMC Geriatrics,12(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-12-40 How innovation and technology could change aged care(2017).Starts at 60. Retrieved, from https://startsat60.com/property/how-innovation-and-technology-could-change-aged-care Privacy within Aged Care Facilities. (2013).The Internet Journal Of Advanced Nursing Practice,10(2). https://dx.doi.org/10.5580/69c Reymond, L., Israel, F., Charles, M. (2012). A residential aged care end-of-life care pathway (RAC EoLCP) for Australian aged care facilities.Australian Health Review,35(3), 350. https://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah10899 Sugimoto, K., Ogata, Y., Kashiwagi, M. (2016). Factors promoting resident deaths at aged care facilities in Japan: a review.Health Social Care In The Community. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12383 Team, T. (2017).Improving quality of aged care with technology | iCareHealth Blog.Icarehealth.com.au. Retrieved , from https://www.icarehealth.com.au/blog/improving-quality-aged-care-through-technology/ The 4 most exciting technologies and innovations in aged care (2017).Newly. Retrieved , from https://newly.com.au/the-4-most-exciting-technologies-and-innovations-in-aged-care/ Webb, B., Whittle, T., Schwarz, E. (2012). Provision of dental care in aged care facilities, NSW, Australia - Part 1 as perceived by the Directors of Nursing (care providers).Gerodontology,30(3), 226-231. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-2358.2012.00670.x Willoughby, L. (2013). Unpacking barriers to quality care for Deaf people in residential aged care facilities.Disability Society,29(2), 173-183. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2013.776492

About Hemja Villege Resort free essay sample

Village Resort is newly organized service oriented business venture in the tourist sector (Pokhara). The proposed resort is located at Hemja, Pokhara. The resort is situated at the middle part of Hemja, near of Tibetian Camp near of the Pokhara city. It is spread over 2 biga with full of the facility HVR is a partnership organization, comprising of two business partners. The total investment would be around 5 million. Each business partners would invest 2. 5 million each. The Hemja Village Resort was envisioned to be Nepal’s most luxurious and exclusive property, offering amenities that a modern world-weary traveler can desire. The proposed schemes are very good, reliable, and qualitative service with reasonable price. The main objective of the resort is to establish a small-scale resort to provide the good lodging and food services to internal and external customer with full availability of recreational activities and ultimately achieve the large pie of the marketplace. We will write a custom essay sample on About Hemja Villege Resort or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page That â€Å"Quality Service for all† would be our slogan. The management committee vision three types of customers Nepali, Indian, and foreign (from different countries like Japan, German, America, Australia, Korea, china). The resort is estimating near about 3,000 customers in the first year with the incremental of 20% each year. This resort is thinking to attain an average growth in service revenue of about 10% per year and to increase market share by 10% annually. HVR reaches breakeven point in the second year of operation and earn profit thereafter. The special promotional tools would be used such as FM, Newspaper, TV channels, banners, and news journal, e. t. c. customers can gain information and book their services from our website: www. hemjavillegeresort. com. np. During the first few years, HVR uses the low cost advantage strategy and differentiation strategy to attract the more customers and then after few years of operation it uses the growth strategy for the development of resort as the marketing strategy. In its marketing mix 7 Ps are analyzed. These are product, price, place, promotion, people, process, physical environment. HVR will use a set of action programme to achieve its marketing objectives. The financial projection is based on the implementation of the action programme, which gives the detail information about the income and expenses of the resort. To evaluate overalls performance of the resort it implements the monthly, quarterly or annual evaluation and control system.

The Class System in To Kill a Mockingbird essays

The Class System in To Kill a Mockingbird essays The existence of a superior and inferior stratification in societies are due to economic status, social status, religion, and skin color between the white and black race as demonstrated in To Kill a Mockingbird. It is very important to define these factors that separate people. Economic status is based on wealth, which is all material things produced by labor for the satisfaction of human desires and having exchange value. Social status is people having the same social or economic status. Religion is any specific system of belief about divinity, often-involving rituals, a code of ethics, and a philosophy of life. Skin color is the different races. The caste system in Maycomb, an old town in Southern Alabama, separates people according to race and also separates the white race amongst themselves. Economic status is very important in Maycomb society. Harper Lee points it out at the beginning of the novel using Simon Finch as an example. Simon Finch arrives at Alabama River to establish his life. He passes his wealth on to his children; Atticus, Aunt Alexandra, and Uncle Jack Finch. Aunt Alexandra lives at the Finchs landing, the families farm because she believes in the family ancestors. On the other hand, Atticus decides to study law. In Maycomb, the importance of a person is resolute by personal progression; consequently, economic status is determined by education. Social status is also very important in Maycomb society. It is defined by the social power of the community. It classifies people according to the same social status. Economic status and social status are related to each other, and it is close to impossible separate them. There was indeeed a caste system in Maycomb, but to my mind it worked this way: the older citizens, the present generation of people who had lived side by side for years and years, where utterly predicable to one another: they took for granted attitudes, character shadings, even gestures, ...

Critical Analysis of a Research Article-Driving Behavior of Licensed Essay

Critical Analysis of a Research Article-Driving Behavior of Licensed and Unlicensed Teeagers - Essay Example The hypothesis in the article on driving behavior of licensed and unlicensed teenagers concerns the undesirable effects of teenage driving. It has been observed that teenagers are involved in a higher number of accidents as compared to other groups of people leading to a high death rate and serious injuries. The study determines the prevalence and the risks and associated factors for unlicensed drivers in their teenage years. The major purpose of the study is for exploratory reasons. This kind of study is a form of social research that is conducted by use of questionnaires and formulation of hypotheses. The current case of study is appropriate for this kind of research as it does not have to endorse its typicality. The students who took part in the research gave details about their race, driver education history, alcohol or substance use and their grades in the previous month. The students also gave information on how often they drove and for what purpose. The students also gave information on the most helpful person in teaching them how to drive and the driver’s education. The school location was also an important variable and it was classified into rural, town, suburban and central city. Students were also expected to report on their driving behaviors and occurrences including number of accidents experienced, number of hours driven weekly, the use of seatbelts and the speeding rate they used according to American Academy of Pediatrics (2010). A national representative school based survey was carried out to establish whether students in their teenage years practiced unlicensed driving, the associated behaviors, the risks they are exposed to and demographic factors. Unlicensed driving is driving when one has no official license or when one is not authorized to do so. American Academy of Pediatrics (20100 explains that the survey was conducted on all school attending students regardless of their

Policy memo summarizing a public hearing Assignment

Policy memo summarizing a public hearing - Assignment Example Sally Clark, the Chair of the Committee on the Built Environment, opened the Public Hearing at 5:30, in the Seattle City Council Chambers. Also present were Vice-Chair Tim Burgess, and Council Member Sally Bagshaw.1 Three basic categories of debate and comment were heard on the evening: a) development proposals in urban areas; b) neighborhood planning; and c) complaints regarding the process of the plan amendment process. THE PROCESS FOR ADOPTION OF PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO THE ANNUAL COMPREHENSIVE PLAN The Comprehensive Management Plan of the City of Seattle is open to amendments once a year, according to the Washington State Growth Management Act.2 During 2010, the schedule for the submission, proposal and adoption of specific amendments to be examined was as follows: May 14, 2010: Deadline for the submission of a maximum of 10 applications;3 June 19, 2010: Introduction and briefing regarding the proposed amendments to the Council Committee on the Built Environment;4 July 8, 2010: Pu blic Hearing at which particular proposals are considered, at which argument for or against proposals may be raised, and the proposals to go forward are evaluated; July 14, 2010: Briefing of Committee and further discussion to determine which proposed amendments will be given further review and analysis, in light of the commentary at the Public hearing; July 28, 2010: Voting is conducted;5 December 1, 2010: Final recommendations on the proposed amendments are submitted to the Council.6 SELECTION CRITERIA FOR AMENDMENTS Specific criteria are considered by the City Council in identifying amendments to the Comprehensive Plan, according to Resolution 30976, adopted on May 14, 2007. These criteria can be categorized under the following central statements as follows: A. The amendment is appropriate for the Comprehensive Plan. B. The amendment is legal. C. It is practical to consider the amendment. D. There has been a neighborhood review process to develop and proposed change to a neighbor hood plan, or a neighborhood review process can be conducted prior to final Council consideration of the amendment.7 For the amendment to be appropriate, it has to be in line with the State Growth Management Plan, referred to above. Likewise, it should not contradict national planning, nor should it be possible to implement it by a change in regulations only. If the amendment could be implemented by changes to budget, or already existing programs, or processes, it will not be adopted. Further, the timing, the available staffing requirements suggested by an amendment, and the information available for analysis of the proposal will be considered. Only when the Mayor or Council are in favor of changing policy significantly, if necessary, as proposed by a specific amendment, will it be considered, as long as it does not as mentioned, contradict the Comprehensive Plan. If a proposal has been rejected by the City Council already, it may not be re-tabled. Finally, it must not break nationa l or state laws. SUMMARY: PUBLIC COMMENTARY AND DEBATE The first proposed amendment (Proposed Amendment Number One: PA #1) was tabled by the Department of Planning and Development.8 The essence of the proposal included the suggested update of the shoreline master program, to include comment on a container

Climate Change In The Cradle Of Civilization History Essay

Climate Change In The Cradle Of Civilization History Essay The Fertile Crescent is a region in Western Asia, where ancient civilizations have developed. Population increases and intermittent dry spells in the region have resulted in agricultural innovations. The reason why this region is being called as Fertile Crescent is the fertile land and optimal climate conditions. Geographically speaking this area has been determined by Albert T. Clay as follow; The fertile crescent refers to an ancient area of fertile soil and important rivers stretching in an arc from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates. It covers Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, and Iraq. The Mediterranean lies on the outside edge of the arc. To the south of the arc is the Arabian Desert. On the east, the Fertile Crescent extends to the Persian Gulf. Geologically, this corresponds with where Iranian, African, and Arabian tectonic plates meet.  [2]   Furthermore, ancient history has showed us a positive correlation between fertile soil or appropriate climatic conditions and development of civilization. Therefore, Fertile Crescent which is also known as the cradle of civilization is the place where is believed to be home not only for the birthplace of various human civilizations but also other significant developments like writing and wheel. Appropriate climatic conditions are vitally important factor on development of civilizations. And the reason behind the occurrence of first civilizations in Fertile Crescent is the agricultural production that fed by the rain. Moreover, As a result of agricultural production and long term settlement, some of the first cities of human being on world have occurred in the Fertile Crescent. Many different civilizations like Natufians, Sumerians, Babylonians, Amorites, the Hittites, and  Assyrians have accrued in the  in this small region of the world. Researches on proxy records and excavations show the period of climate changes are often correspond to social change period as well. In other word, climate changes have crucial impacts on development of societies and its particularity. In this research paper, Im going to look over the major Climate Change in the Fertile Crescent from 10,000 B.C. to 2,000 B.C. Particularly, to con on how the climate influence agriculture and what kind of impact it had on civilizations that occurred in that region.   11,000 to 10,000 B.C. Younger Dryas 15.000 year ago, the impact of Ice Age chill extended into the heart of south-western Asia. From Greece to Egypt, the eastern Mediterranean lay under the influence of north-easterly anticyclonic winds that blew from the high-pressure masses over the Scandinavian and Siberian ice sheets.  [3]  Even though there were regular rainfalls the weather was dry. Tauros Mountains in Turkey, Jordan rift valley and Sinai Peninsula were seasonal landscapes where most of the Ice Age Bands lived in. Main source of nutrition were seeds and fruits, which depended on seasonal rainfalls. When the great warming began, the northeasterlies subsided. Moister air flows from Atlantic and Mediterranean brought higher rainfalls. Warmer conditions after 13,000 B.C. saw a rapid increase in acorn-rich oak forests, documented in pollen samples from ancient lake beds in eastern Iran, the Jordan Valley, and other locations  [4]  . With the impact of great warming, small bands that lived over a vast area of Fertile Crescent become highly mobile. This means larger territories for hunters. When it comes about 11,000 B.C. a series of drought have occurred, which has endured for many generations: Younger Dryas. Younger Dryas is a major cooling and drying climatic event with global impact for human settlement, subsistence and influenced cultural developments at the origins of agriculture  [5]  . Several scientists have developed different theories about resolution of climatic and environmental reconstructions across the transition to agriculture and development of societies. One of the most accepted theory has been developed by Gordon Childe which is named as Propinquity Theory. Childe argues that a desiccation trend forced humans into close contact with plants and animals surrounding permanent water sources. However many theorists came later have disproved Childes theory. Natalie D. Munro express those pro-arguments against Childes theory as follow climatic instability introduced by the Younger Dryas reduced the distribution of cereal crops, lowered carrying capacity, and thus uprooted the sedentary way of life that began 14.5-13/12.8 thousand calibrated years ago  [6]   In order to lighten the relations between climate change and development of civilization during the period of Younger Dryas, different studies have been focus on settlement of Abu Hureyra(à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 11,500 B.C), which is located at Euphrates  valley in modern Syria. Natufians were the first known settlers of Abu Hureyra. It has been stated that Theres nothing particularly distinctive about Natufian toolkit: the people relied on the same simple hunting weapons as their neighbours and predecessors. But a glance at their artefacts highlights the importance of plants foods in their lives such as pastels employed for pounding nuts or numerous mortars  [7]  . Food like acorns and pistachios were vitally important storable surpluses for Natufians, which kept them in same location. For about 500 years, the Abu Hureyra people(Natufians) had meat supply from hunting gazelles as well. In the course of time, constant food surpluses created bigger communities. However, a rapidly growin g population brought conflicts over foods particularly in dry years. After about 11,000 B.C. the classic strategies of social flexibility and mobility no longer sufficed, not only Abu Hureyrans, but also thousands of people living elsewhere in southern Asia. According to Brain Fagan no longer could people simply move away to better-watered locations, or fall back on less favoured ones.  [8]  By passage of time, population located in many parts of Fertile Crescent have increased and they start to become less mobile. New permanent locations were defenceless to any rapid climatic shifts, particularly to long drought events. There are different theories on why and how the Younger Dryas has happened. One of the most accepted theory argues that the Younger Dryas was caused by a significant reduction or shutdown of the North Atlantic  thermohaline circulation. However, geological evidence is standing far away from this theory. In fact, what has been more important for people of Abu Hureyra and other small communities around Fertile Crescent was dramati c temperature fluctuation. People struggled to maintain their lives because they have stopped to gather fruits from trees, nuts from the forest which were in a not reachable distance anymore. Only 400 years later wild cereal vanished and even pistachios became less common. In the length of time, landscape became more arid and the people became familiar to drier weather. However, the fight between nature and mankind remained and they took the next virtual step of civilization. In about 10,000 B.C., people start to domesticate seeds (rye, einkorn, and lentils)  [9]  However, because of bigger population the problem of vegetation still remained. As a result, its necessary to underline that the extreme cooling of climate, Younger Dryas, could have great impacts on civilizations as it has impeded the progress of early civilization. 10,000 B.C. to 8,000 Domestication So far my research question has focus only on what happened during Younger Dryas event and pre-conditions for possible first farmers of mankind in history. But there are still remaining questions to be answer in order to reveal the relation between climate change and its consequences on civilizations. Todays advance technology and knowledge provides various way of travelling to past so as to understand the history of civilization. Recently, many different techniques/methods like tree rings, ice cores, mineral deposits, etc. have been developed by scientist for that purpose. Different ice core researches have provided us some of the most significant and exciting paleoclimate discoveries of the past. A research which has been done by an international team head by Richard Alley provided great information about climate records of hundred thousand years before present. Figure 1 provides information about snowfall and temperature ( °F) based on ice core data between à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 18,000 BC to today. Figure 1 Greenland last ice core climate record greenlandTempRecent.png Source: Alley, The Two-Mile Time Machine, 2001. The temperature records from Younger dryas period show a clear picture of big freeze in world climate. As it can be seen from the figure when it comes to about 11,000 B.C, temperature record on ice core shows a radical change in temperature. Around 9,500 B.C., warming resumed and that was the end of Younger dryas. As the temperatures rose the world became warmer. And inevitably Favourable climatic conditions brought steady improvements in the Fertile Crescent environment, which encouraged the growth and spread of wild plants and animals that constituted food supply for an increasing human population.  [10]   Going back to the late Natufian settlements, a possible picture of Abu Hureyra after Younger dryas would be like that: some men would still hunt the gazelles every spring but in a harder condition because of the over demand. However, climatic condition would be much more adequate for people because of warmer temperatures and increased rainfall. Pistachio and acorn trees would start to bloomed again and the forests which have been disappeared during Younger dryas would soon flourish again. In addition, Jared Diamond argues that in this period the hunter-gatherers of Abu Hureyra evidently knew the local wild plants and they used that knowledge to select and bring home only the most useful available seed plants.  [11]  However they were not aware of the fact of being the first civilization who domesticated the plant. The first undisputed archaeological evidence for plant domestication comes from the Levant, a region on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean which includes present-day Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, and Palestine. At numerous sites throughout this area, evidence of the cultivation of emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, peas, flax, chick peas, bitter vetch, and barely has been discovered.  [12]  Assorted excavations from this area have the earliest determined date for plant (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 8,500 B.C) and animal (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 8,000 B.C.) domestication. However, Fertile Crescent was not the only location where domestication took place about that time. Surprisingly, dates for China are quite close to the Fertile Crescents as well. Wheat, pea, olive, dog, sheep and goat were the first plants and animals which have been domesticated in Fertile Crescent. On the other hand, rice, millet, pig and silkworms were the subjects of domestication in China. Mesoamerica (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 3,500 B.C. ) has been another independent origin of domestication in history. Evidently, domestication revealed independently in different geographical location in the world; within a few thousand years. During my research I have realise that many scientists who developed theories on agricultural origins (like Gordon Childe, Ronald Wright, Charlie  Byrne,   Robert Braidwood etc.) have focus on the worldwide synchrony of domestication and they have turn to climatic and environmental changes as an explanation of first agriculture. Particularly, its well accepted that there were radical and rapid climate changes took place with the final recession of the ice sheets. However, these theories have not been enough strong to convince the argument of similar climatic and environmental instabilities have happened many times in the past without sparking agriculture. For that reason, personally I believe that instead of a universal theory of origins of agriculture regional explanation approaches are m ore logical. Except few scientists many archaeologists have agreed on the Fertile Crescent as the location for earliest agriculture. What make the Fertile Crescent being the birthplace early agriculture are undoubtedly the conditions. Frank Hole, an archaeologist in Yale University, described the precondition of Fertile Crescent for the plants domestication as follow: 1) foods of high quality are abundant and can be stored, 2) there is severe seasonal availability of these foods, 3) the territory is such that the people cannot override the limiting effects of seasonality on food resources through transhumance, 4) the territory or the resources themselves can be modified by humans to increase their yields, and 5) non-food commodities such as dung, wool, antlers, bitumen, obsidian, and so on, can be stockpiled  [13]  He believes that the most the most important pre-conditions are possibly number 2 and 3. Personally, I believe that the fact of being able know how to store the high quality seeds is the most important pre-condition for domestication. Archaeological evidence on development of storages methods before domestication period in Jordan Valley show us the importance of this pre-condition to us clearly. Overall, when the essential plant species occurred in the region, people of Fertile Crescent have join the progress plant domestication necessarily. They have learned to gather and process the plant foods in sufficient amount, safety method(s) to store them, and distribute them. Another factor that had impact on domestication has been the rise in the sea levels. Increasing evapo-transpiration at the end of Pleistocene led to the drying of lakes and a rise in sea levels also would have affected the abundance and pacing of resources  [14]  . This conditions push the late Natufians took the first brave step towards cereals planting. This development has been very important for human being because it enhanced a food supply system. On the other hand studies form Abbo et al. concludes as follow; We argue against climate change being at the origin of Near Eastern agriculture and believe that a slow but real climatic change is unlikely to induce revolutionary cultural changes.  [15]  However, factors related to climate change are not the only ones that had impact on the domestication. Cultural settings, changing of landscape and changes in plants and fauna are other factors which have shaped the domestication as well. 8,000 B.C. to 5,800 B.C. Spread of Agriculture and the 8.2ky Collapse After domestication took place in the Fertile Crescent spread of seeds became inevitable. Soon after food production arose there [in the Fertile Crescent], somewhat before 8000 B.C., a centrifugal wave of it [spread], appeared in other parts of western Eurasia and North Africa farther and farther removed from the Fertile Crescent, to the west and east.  [16]  According to Diamond, the rapid spread had reached different locations as in the figure. Figure 2: The spread of Fertile Crescent crops across western Eurasia Source: Diamond; 1997; 181. Diamond emphasizes that the because of the geographical characters of Eurasia spread of agriculture from the Fertile Crescent into Europe, Asia, and North Africa was much faster than in other parts of the world. Any civilization where domestication of plants and animals arrived they ensured steady food supply as well. Naturally, population rose and villages became bigger and bigger to cities. When people of different locations became farmer, in a short period some the small villages took their first step toward being the cradle of many civilizations. By 8,300 B.C., farming villages flourished on the Anatolia plateau in central Turkey, some of them close to sources of lustrous obsidian, fine-grained volcanic glass much prized for tool making and ornaments.  [17]  Approximately in 7500 B.C., one of the extraordinary settlements that flourished in Anatolia was Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k which covers 13 hectares. Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k was an enormous settlement because many early farming villages covered around only one hectare. Studies show people of Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k were advanced in cereal agriculture and method to store them. This led them to grow rapidly and develop their civilization further. Another village was settled in the Jordan Valley names as Jericho, which was about 4 hectares. As Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k, Jaricho was also advanced in agriculture. In addition, becau se of their locations both villages grew from the benefits of long-distance trade. Probably, socio-economic conditions of early agricultural settlements in Levant, northern Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Balkans and eastern Mediterranean increased steadily until about 6,200 B.C. However, when Earths surface warmed again second post-glacial climate event, which is known as Laurentide ice sheet collapse, took place. When a big ice sheet collapsed, enormous amount of meltwater flowed out to the Gulf of Mexico and North Atlantic. This climate change led similar climate condition in Europe which happened during the Younger Dryas. Figure 3 shows Greenland ice climatic records extending to the last glacial maximum. In 6,200 B.C., the Lautentide collapse can be observed clearly. After the collapse, instead of warm and rainy weather of Mediterranean climate, Fertile Crescent occupied by colder and drier weather of northerner pattern. That was start of a disaster for many farming societies in Mesopotamia, Anatolia and even in Balkans. During the period of deglaciation that preceded the abrupt climate event of 6,400-6,000 B.C., a remnant Laurentide ice mass occupied Hudson Bay and served as an ice dam for glacial lakes Agassiz and Ojibway. The rapid collapse of ice in Hudson Bay allowed lakes Agassiz and Ojibway, which had previously discharged over spillways south-eastwards to the St Lawrence estuary, to drain swiftly northwards through the Hudson Strait to the Labrador Sea  [18]   Figure 3 Greenland ice climatic records extending to the last glacial maximum. Source: Fagan; 2004; 24 Research conducted by Shuman et al. about the event shows the result from lake level measurements and pollen data. Both data address the same result: a rapid climate change in North American happen because of the Laurentide Ice Sheet.  [19]  This rapid chance in climate is known as 6,200 B.C. or 8.2 kilo year(ky) event. In the same research authors questions the reason of the 8.2 ky event as well. Rapid transitions may result from abrupt changes in regional or global climatic controls that do not rapidly reverse whereas climatic oscillations appear to be the product of temporary forcing, such as meltwater pulses or glacial surges.  [20]   Another simulation research that has been carried out by various scientists on Rapid early Holocene deglaciation of the Laurentide concluded that during the 8.2 ky event melting water from Laurentide Ice Sheet rose the lakes Agassiz level about 1.3 and 0.7 cm of per year.  [21]  What is more important, a rapid rise in ocean level resulted floods at various places in the world. The results show a disastrous rise in global sea level which led to the flooding of the Euxine Lake and resulted a dramatic social change particularly in Southern Europe, Anatolia, and eastern Mediterranean Climate history proves that within about 4000 years the balances of climate changed again. The conditions push back the development of early civilizations again as it did during the Younger Dryas. Melting water from the Laurentide Ice Sheet resulted in Atlantic circulation again. However, there are controversial opinions about impacts of the 8.2ky event among historians and scientists. Some of them like Staubwasser and Weninger argue that there is a strong correlation between 8.2ky and cultural, social and economical changes in the Neolithic phase.  [22]  ,  [23]  They claims that the event had virtual impact on many of the farming villages including Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k, Jaricho, and Abu Hureyra for 400 years. Weninger et al. have put forward that the rapid spread of early farming to South-East Europe can be most plausibly understood as a direct and immediate reaction to abrupt climate forcing. The spread of early farming to South East Europe was extremely rapid and entirely synchronous with the catastrophic collapse of the ice dome above Hudson Bay at 8200 cal yr BP, many thousands of miles away  [24]  On the other hand, personally I think not many scientists have doubt about effect of this 8.2ky event on environmental settings. However, there are some suspicions about how this event affected developments of civilization. For instance, Weninger et al. proposed that the earliest pottery which has been discovered in Greece is associated with the incoming farming communities.  [25]  However, Budja, an archaeologist from University of Ljubljana, refuted this argument by claiming that potteries come out before the 8,200 B.P. within the hunter-gather framework at Danube Gorge, a region in Balkans.  [26]  Budja putting forth his argument by touching the first agriculture and animal domestication in Balkans but his argument has not been feeble because of lacking in evident. However, there are high number of scientist who believes that when 8,2 ky event happed farming villages were already settled near main European rivers. Furthermore, most probably, new climate condition pushed the farmers to the rivers and shore of lakes. Perhaps, people of Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k moved to western and southern coasts of Euxine Lake to remain their life at a place where the soil was still fertile and the weather conditions were favourable for farming. Unfortunately,  there is no reliable source of  information about these settlements yet. When it comes to the life in the Fertile Crescent, not much has been changed during the past centuries there. People were using the simple tools for agriculture and hunting. They did not have the knowledge and technical skills of using complex working tools. The distinction between role of the men and woman in society were still similar as after the Younger Dryas period. Fagan express the situation of societies in Fertile Crescent as follow: since people were still dispersed on patches of easily cultivated soil, they had space to pursue game, catch fish with traps and nets, and fora ge for grasses, fruit, tubers, and nuts in grassland and forest. Sedentary and farmers might be but their simple agricultural economy and regular depends on the game and wild plant foods gave them flexibility unheard of in later agricultural societies.  [27]  Overall, the 8,2 ky event has not been virtually determinative factor on development of the civilization in Fertile Crescent. However, when it came to 5,800 B.C., Atlantic circulation changed again, the moister conditions of Mediterranean weather turn back to the Levant. Before people of Fertile Crescents taking a further step trough path of civilization, another climate catastrophe happened in 5,600 B.C. 5600 B.C to 5400 B.C. Noahs Flood ? By 6,000 B.C., the last ice was coming to an end. The earths temperatures were raising consequently, North ice sheets were melting. That caused the rise of the World Ocean and pushing the Mediterranean Sea towards the Black Sea. One of the greatest natural disasters to affect humanity came in about 5,600 B.C. when the rising waters of the Mediterranean flooded the deep basin of the Euxine Lake, 150 meters below the Marmara, to form the Black Sea  [28]  . For a long time it has been recognized that because of the rise in Ocean level during glacial period, the Black Sea became isolated by Mediterranean and Marmara seas. Another hypothesis which has been widely accepted argues that Euxine Lake became the Black Sea by outflow from Mediterranean and Marmara Seas troughs Dardanelles channel and the Bosporus. However, in 1993 an American, Russian, Bulgarian and Turkish research team began to wonder if there could be a geological explanation for Nohas flood story and they concluded. This research team developed another hypothesis of an abrupt flooding of the Black Sea named as An Abrupt Drowning Of The Black Sea Shelf At 7.5 Kyr Bp  [29]  which argues that the Euxine Lake has been fed with the water coming from large massive ice in the far north. As a result the level of Euxine Lake rose dramatically within thousands of years. Its not difficult to think about the impact of this massive transformation on mankind lived in the region of Anatolia and Southeast Europe. Before coming to the possible impacts it is necessary to go into the details of this transformation. Figure 4 shows the water flows that passed from Euxine Lake/Black Sea trough Bosporus to Aegean and vice versa. Figure 4: Reconstructed Lake and sea levels between 17,000 to 7,500 B.P. Source: Ryan et al, 1997, 122. Note: Aegean (A), Sea of Marmara (M), and Black Seas (BS), and their connections/isolators via the Dardanelles (D) and Bosporus (B) The Laurentide collapse resulted in rise of Atlantic Ocean level until last glacial period. As it can be seen from the figure, in 7,500 B.P. the level of Mediterranean Sea was 15m lower than shorelines while this number was 30m in 9,000 B.P and 90m in 14,000 B.P. Moreover, as the Black Sea [Euxine Lake] was in very close vicinity to the Scandinavian-Russian ice cap, the melting water from the glaciers were supplied into the Black Sea through the major drainage system constituted by large European rivers (Danube, Dniepr, Dniestr and Bug)  [30]  By 5,600 B.C, Black Sea flood took place. Fagan described as fallow the Sea of Marmara was lapping at the edge of a shrinking berm. within days, the stream became a torrent, then a roiling waterfall flowing at over 90 km an hour. Soon the fertile deltas and river valleys vanished under water. The largest freshwater lake in the world rose at an average rate of 15 centimetres a day  [31]  . As it can be seen from the figure in a year late r the lake Euxine filled by the sea water came from Aegean and Marmara seas. In other word, Euxine Lake turned to be Black Sea in a short time period. This climate event has been related to the Noahs Flood by some scientists and editors of popular newspapers quite often. However, so far any hypothesis has not been enough to convince the scientific world. Going back to the main concern of this research paper, one of the greatest natural disasters that affect civilization was the Noahs Flood in about 5,600 B.C. And of course this climate event also had strong impacts not only on farming villages of Fertile Crescent, but also the settlements in Balkans and eastern Mediterranean. There are not enough sources to develop predicted results of the flood yet. But there is no doubted that such climate event may have been one of the most distractive event the earth have ever see. If Black Sea or Nohas Flood really did occur, it would be a monumental event in the development of civilization. I would have scared a large number of people to others part of the world and it would certainly change how later civilization would have evolved. Its uncertain how many people might have been affected by the flood. Probably, few hundred thousand of people have been affected by the flood. This number may not be so drastic if not taking account the world popul ation of this period. According to historian Luc-Normand Tellier from Quà ©bec University, before the appearance of agriculture total world population never exceed fifteen million inhabitants.  [32]  Overall, this event probably diminished a huge proportion of world population. Its believed that the spread of agriculture from Fertile Crescent to Europe, with migration of early farmers, in a short period is another consequence of the Black Sea flood. Probably, most of the early civilizations settlements, where the flood had reached have experience the harmful results of the flood like hunger, diseases, deaths, migrations. To sum up, this climate event had great impact on civilizations of the Fertile Crescent and other regions alongside. 5,800 B.C to 2,000 B.C. Climate Change and Sumerians The water [Black Sea flood] stabilized after about two years. Hundreds of villages lay deep below the now-saltwater sea. Settlements far inland now lay at the head of sheltered days or exposed to the fury of cold winter storms blowing onshore. But life went on as it always had, in a landscape dissected by countless rivers that led inland into an unknown terrain of endless for

The Day Labor Market in Phoenix, Arizona Essay -- Business Economics U

The Day Labor Market in Phoenix, Arizona Introduction This paper focuses on the Macehualli Day Labor Union located in Phoenix, Arizona in the 85032 area. Throughout the history of the United States, illegal immigrants have come from all over the world to find work and a better way of life. It is estimated that right now there are about seven million illegal aliens living in America. About 69% of these illegal immigrants are Mexican and over 283,000 of them live in Arizona1. In this paper, we presuppose that the illegal aliens we refer to are Mexican. This is because the aliens living in the geographic area around the day labor center we examine are over 99% Mexican (Reza, 2003, personal interview). Many Mexicans risk everything they have, including their lives, in their attempts to cross the border and live the â€Å"American Dream.† Most immigrants are motivated by the lure of lucrative employment across the border. They come to this country with the hope of finding a higher paying job. In most cases, the immigrants are young men who leave their families behind, but intend to earn enough money to eventually bring their loved ones across (Reza, 2003, personal interview). Over the past three decades, the influx of illegal immigrants has become even more noticeable (Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1999). In the year 2000, unauthorized immigrants accounted for about 2.5% of the U.S. population2. These immigrants’ illegal status is a serious obstacle in their search for employment. Almost all employers require some proof of United States citizenship. For citizens and legal immigrants, this is easily established through a driver’s license or state identification card. Illegal workers, on the other hand, obvi... .... 11 Jun. 2003. Day Labor Union Workers. Personal Interview. 25 Oct. 2003 Gonzalez, Daniel. â€Å"Future Will Require Immigrants by Millions for Jobs, Report Says.† The Arizona Republic 31 Aug. 2003 : A6. Reza, Salvador (Director of the Macehualli Day Labor Union). Personal Interview. 25 Oct. 2003. Smart pages. 2 Dec. 2003 U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. â€Å"Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: 1999 to 2000† 2 Dec. 2003 . U.S. Department of Labor. 2 Dec. 2003 minimumwage.htm>. Valenzuela, Abel Jr. â€Å"Day Labourers as Entrepreneurs?† Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 27.2 (2001) : 335-352 Valenzuela, Abel Jr. â€Å"Day Labor Work† Annual Review of Sociology 29 (2003) : 307-33

Precautionary Principle

Precautionary Principle The precautionary principle was arguably developed and originally implemented in Germany and Sweden, and it is these nations that remain the leading proponents of it. For example, it was one of these nations (Germany) that put the precautionary principle on the international stage, and today with regard to environmental regulation (in particular chemicals) it is Sweden that is pushing forward precautionary legislation in the European Union. There is a conflict between those who support the principle and those who oppose it. For example, American policy-makers have become increasingly concerned with the use of the concept by the EU, seeing it as a threat to scientific risk analysis as the main tool for regulation used hitherto. Academics in the United States point out that the US had precautionary elements in their regulations during the 1970s; but these elements turned out to be excessively costly and faulty, and so were abandoned following a Supreme Court judgment in 1980 (in an infamous case concerning benzene) which insisted that regulation must depend on scientific proof of risk. There is no one definition of the precautionary principle. One Swedish author, Per Sandin, lists 19 formulations, often individually vague and mutually contradictory. [1] The most commonly used definition is contained in the 1992 Rio Declaration, which stated that in order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by States according to their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation. One of the more rigorous analyze of the meanings of the precautionary principle have been put forward in work by Wiener and Rogers. They argue that there are three different formulations of the precautionary principle. These are:[2] †¢ Uncertainty does not justify inaction. In its most basic form, the precautionary principle is a principle that permits regulation in the absence of complete evidence about the particular risk scenario. Lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing measures to prevent environmental degradation-Bergen Declaration]. †¢ Uncertainty justifies action. This version of the precautionary approach is more aggressive. †¢ Uncertainty requires shifting the burden and standard of proof. This version of the precautionary principle is the most aggressive. It holds that uncertain risk requires forbidding the potentially risky activity until the proponent of the activity demonstrates that it poses no (or acceptable) risk. In this part of the report, the precautionary principle is analyzed in the context of the World Trade Organization and with respect to: i) GATT and exceptions in Article XX, ii) the Subsidiary Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS), and iii) the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT). The precautionary principle is the focus of intense debates in the fields of food safety and GMOs, particularly in the World Trade Organization. 3] Tensions over these issues grew in 1998 after an EC moratorium based on the precautionary principle was applied to GM products from the United States, Canada and Argentina. [4] In 2003, the affected exporting countries requested the establishment of a Dispute Settlement Body by the WTO. [5] World Trade Organization (WTO) The World Trade Organization (WTO) emerged on April 15,1994, predicated on the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) of 1947. [6] The reforms of this organization introduced ‘resolutions’ regardin g the environment. In its preamble, it mentions the ‘objective of sustainable development’ and â€Å"seeking both to protect and preserve the environment†. [7] In 1995, the Committee on Trade and the Environment was created to promote sustainable development and to identify a relationship between trade and the environment. [8] This Committee was created at the behest of the WTO at the end of the Uruguay Round. [9] WTO legislation since then has ad- dressed trade issues that substantially relate to the environment. 10] In spite of the ‘greening’ efforts to integrate the environment and trade, the WTO continues to pursue its objectives â€Å"by entering into reciprocal and mutually advantageous arrangement directed to the substantial reduction of tariffs and other barriers to trade and to the elimination of discriminatory treatment in international relations†. [11] WTO agreements that can potentially apply to ‘GMO restrictive measures’ contained in: Ar t. XX of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) of 1947,[12] The Subsidiary Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS). 13] A concise application of GATT rules to the GMO controversy will probably not allow stringent regulation of transgenic products such as the one by the European Community and consequently, the WTO will not allow the application of the precautionary principle. Among the measures contained in the GATT agreement that may represent a problem for the application of precautionary measures is the definition of a ‘like product’[14] and the ostensible product regulation the WTO has employed for products. 15] If the WTO decides to take this approach under GATT to GMOs, it will be largely impossible to sustain bans on these products. The precautionary principle as well may not survive scrutiny from the WTO since it would need to show sufficient scientific evidence that health effects derive from the consumption of GM products. Subsidiary Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) The SPS agreement was created in 1993, which by WTO parties to help reduce the incidence of non-tariff trade barriers imposed to protect, ostensibly, human, animal or plant life. 16] The WTO describes the focus of the SPS agreement: â€Å"To maintain the sovereign right it deems appropriate, but to ensure that these sovereign rights are not misused for protectionist purposes and do not result in unnecessary barriers to international trade†. [17] The SPS agreement does not provide states with acceptable sanitary standards; instead, it guides governments in establishing SPS rules. These guidelines are aimed at helping WTO members to (1) harmonize standards and (2) to assess the appropriate level of SPS protection based on an assessment of risks. Regarding (1) harmonization, under Art. , it recommends that states base their sanitary measures on international standards, guidelines or recommendations, whenever they exist. (2) With respect to the level of SPS protection, Art. 5 encourages states to base their sanitary standards of risks on scientific evidence. The precautionary principle or at least parts of this principle can be found in various parts of the SPS agreement. [18] Precaution is specifically incorporated in (1) the levels of protection, mentions that states can determine â€Å"the appropriate level of protection of human, animal or plant life or health†. 19] (2) In Art. 3. 3, which is precautionary in nature, the level of protection that can be implemented by states is addressed in the following manner: â€Å"members may introduce or maintain sanitary or Phytosanitary measures which result in a higher level of protection than would be achieved on measures based on the international standards†[20] and (3) Art. 5. 7, states that states can adopt higher standards provisionally â€Å"in cases where relevant scientific evidence is insufficient†. 21] The first case to put to t he test precautionary measures under the SPS was the Beef Hormones Dispute,[22] which was based on an embargo imposed by the European Community against US beef treated with artificial growth-enhancing hormones. This case seems to indicate how the WTO applies the precautionary principle. In this case, the European Community did not look at international standards for selecting the SPS l protection level, namely, in the Codex. According to Art. 3. 3 of this agreement, the EC had a right to increase the level of protection only when the ‘higher protection’ was based on a risk assessment. According to article 5. 7, the EC could have chosen higher standards temporarily until it acquired scientific evidence to support the SPS measures. Accordingly, when countries regulate GMOs, and impose standards more stringent than those found on the international level, they will be required to demonstrate a rational relationship between the regulations and the respective risk assessment. With respect to the precautionary principle, both the WTO panel and the appellate body refused to consider its evolution into a principle of international law. 23] However, they recognized that it was the focus of debate â€Å"among academics, law practitioners, regulators and judges†. [24] The appellate body, though, found that the precautionary principle was ‘reflected’ in the SPS agreement, but did not override the specific obligations in that agreement. [25] Based on the hormones case, the SPS agreement’s version of the precautionary principle relies on a scientifical ly based risk assessment. This standard is not likely to afford protection in cases where scientific evidence has not yet been developed. Nevertheless, countries can impose restrictions based on â€Å"provisional measures† to protect, at least temporarily, human health. The temporary moratorium is still more attractive than any alternative yet devised. Core elements of the precautionary principle have been included in trade agreements, particularly, a) in the SPS agreement, b) in chapter XX of the GATT. Although exceptions in these agreements allude to precaution, the discussion of this principle has been directly addressed under the SPS agreement; particularly, in the Hormone Case. The Appellate Body, in this case, said that the provisions of the SPS Agreement embraced the precautionary principle. [26] This principle, however, has been interpreted as being subordinated to clear and convincing scientific evidence to deal with uncertainties caused by lack of scientific evidence. The WTO, when deciding the case between the US and the EC over the moratorium on transgenic products,[27] is obliged by its own decisions to consider its rules not in isolation but in accordance with international law. 28] The precautionary measures by the EC have to be interpreted in accordance with multilateral environmental agreements. [29] The precautionary principle rests in the hands of the WTO; the way these institutions will interpret this principle will shape the future of protection in the international arena. If the WTO declares illegal the EC moratorium on transgenic products, countries will be reluctant to apply the precautionary principle even when the application of this pr inciple is required by a multilateral environmental agreement such as the Cartagena Protocol. An attack on the precautionary principle by the WTO can result in international conflicts between the trade and environmental regimes. Regional View of Precautionary Principle At the regional level, the precautionary principle has been embraced in different ways. In the European Community (EC), this principle plays a fundamental role in biodiversity and health protection, particularly in the field of GMOs. In North America, this principle does not play as fundamental a role in the North American Free Trade Agreement, but has been tangentially alluded to when GMO issues have been raised. The precautionary principle is particularly essential in the management of risk, which is considered in the EC within a structured approach to the analysis of risk encompassing, such as risk assessment, risk management and risk communication. To apply the precautionary principle, decision makers need to start with a scientific evaluation as comprehensive as possible for the purpose of identifying the degree of uncertainty. [30] Unlike in the European Community, the precautionary principle does not play a central role in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). 31] The principle is, nevertheless somehow embraced in this agreement through national legislation. It can be said, however, that the mere creation of the Commission of Environmental Cooperation (CEC) is a precautionary measure to prevent parties from indiscriminately exploiting the environment in the name of trade. While the CEC furthers environmental protection by promoting citizen complaints, its effectiveness is yet to be seen, particularly in the promotion and endorsement of environmental principles such as the precautionary principle. Conclusion In the areas of trade and environmental law, the GMO debate has escalated to the WTO. This organization, when considering the European moratoriums, will definitely shape the application of this principle. If the WTO finds European regulation to be inconsistent with trade agreements, countries will be less willing to apply this principle. At the regional level, while this principle has not been embraced in NAFTA, core elements are contained in national legislation. Although the precautionary principle has been considered in NAFTA by the CEC, this environmental organization is not fully independent and lacks authority to truly promote environmental values such as the precautionary principle. It has also argued that the precautionary principle is not contrary to science but to provide answers with regard to new technologies and in this case, GMOs. With regard to the foundations of this principle, it was argued that it was based on common sense (natural law), and that some of these elements are embodied in the statute of the international court of justice. The precautionary principle departs from anthropocentric attitudes and encompasses a holistic approach. It is not a definite solution and it will not change the world overnight,[32] but it can make a difference in the protection of human health and the environment by providing guidance to policy makers when considering threats posed by GMOs. Bibliography R. Burnett & V. Bath, Law of International Business in Australasia, The Federation Press, 2009. J. Mo, International Commercial Law, LexisNexis Butterworths, 4th edition, 2008. ———————– 1] P Sandin, ‘Dimensions of the precautionary principle' Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, Vol. 5(1999), n. 5, pp. 889-907. [2] JB Wiener and MD Rogers, ‘Comparing precaution in the United States and Europe', forthcoming in Journal of Risk Research, pp. 4-5. [3] Shaw, Sabrina y Schwartz, Risa, â€Å"The Cartagena Protocol and the WTO: Reflections on the Precautionary Principleâ⠂¬ , 10 Swiss Review of International and European Law at 537. [4] Bridgers, supra note 2, at 181 y 182. [5] Isaac, Grant E. y Kerr, William A. , Genetically Modified Organisms at the World Trade Organization: A Harvest of Trouble (2003) 37 J. World Trade at 1083. [6] Macmil l an, Fiona, WTO and the Environment, London, Sweet & Maxwel l , 2001, at 7. [7] See preamble of Marrakech Agreement of the World Trade Organization, Annex 1A, Legal Instruments of the Uruguay Round vol. 1, 33 ILM 1154 (1994). [8] Macmillan, supra note 92 at 12. [9] Ibidem, at 12 y 13. [10] Ibidem, at 12-16. Among the cases the WTO has addressed are: the Tuna-Dolphin cases, The Automobiles case, The Reformulated Gasoline and the Sea Turtle Case. [11] WTO preamble, supra note 93. [12] General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), Oct. 30, 1947, 61 Stat. A-11 TIAS 1700 UNTS 194, as modified by Marrakech Agreement of the World Trade Organization, Annex 1A, Legal Instruments of the Uruguay Round vol. 1, 33 ILM 1154 (1994). [13] Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) (15 April 1994), & â€Å"WTO Agreement, Annex 1A, 69†. http://www. wto. org/english/docs_e/legal_e/15-sps. pdf. [14] Art. 2. 6 of the Agreement of Implementation of Art. VI of the GATT 1994 on Antidumping and Countervailing Measures reads as follows: â€Å"Throughout this Agreement the term ‘like product’ (product similarity) shall be interpreted to mean a product which is identical, i. . alike in all respects to the product under consideration, or in the absence of such a product, another product which, although not alike in all respects, has characteristics closely resembling those of the product under consideration†. [15] Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the GATT, 1994. http://www. wto. org/english /docs_e/legal_e/19-adp. pdf. [16] Grosko, Brett, â€Å"Genetic Engineering and Internacional Law: Conflict or Harmony? An analysis of the Biosafety Protocol, GATT, and the WTO Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement† (2001) 20 Va. Envtl. L. J. 295 at 308. [17] WTO, â€Å"Understanding the WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures†. http://www. wto. org/wto/goods/spsund. htm. [18] Shaw, supra note 88 at 540. [19] SPS agreement, supra note 99, see preamble (1) 6. [20] Ibidem, Article 3. 3. [21] Ibidem, Article 5. 7. [22] EC Measures Concerning Meat & Meat Products, Panel Reports: Case WI/DS26/R/USA, August 18, 1997 & WT/DS48/R/CAN, August 18, 1997; Appellate Body Report: WT/DS26/AB/R&WT/DS48/AB/R, January 16, 1998 in supra note 115. 23] Macmillan, supra note 92 at 153 y 154. [24] Ibidem, at 153 y 154. [25] â€Å"World Trade Organization, summary on the Precautionary Principle,† http://www. wto. org/english/tratop_e/sps_e/sps_agreement_cbt_e/c8s2pl_e. htm. [26] Shaw, supra note 88 at 540. [27] Dispute Settlement Body, Panel WTO: European Communities Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products, WT/DS291/27, WT/DS292/21 and WT293/21, http://www. wto. org/english/ tratop_e/dispu_e/dispu_subjects_index_e. htm#gmos. 28] Appellate Body Report AB-1996-1,WT/DS2/AB/R at supra note 130. [29] Shaw, supra note 88. [30] Commission of the European Communities, â€Å"Communication of the application of the Precautionary Principle†, (2000). http://europa. eu. int/eur-lex/en/com/cnc/2000/com2000_0001en01. pdf. [31] Raustiala, Kal, â€Å"Precaution in the Federal Legislation of the NAFTA parties†, North America Environmental Law Policy Commission of Environmental Cooperation. http://www. cec. org/files/pdf/lawpolicy/naelp10_en. pdf. [32] Vanderzwaag, supra note 22 at 374 y 375.