The Day Labor Market in Phoenix, Arizona Essay -- Business Economics U

The Day Labor Market in Phoenix, Arizona Introduction This paper focuses on the Macehualli Day Labor Union located in Phoenix, Arizona in the 85032 area. Throughout the history of the United States, illegal immigrants have come from all over the world to find work and a better way of life. It is estimated that right now there are about seven million illegal aliens living in America. About 69% of these illegal immigrants are Mexican and over 283,000 of them live in Arizona1. In this paper, we presuppose that the illegal aliens we refer to are Mexican. This is because the aliens living in the geographic area around the day labor center we examine are over 99% Mexican (Reza, 2003, personal interview). Many Mexicans risk everything they have, including their lives, in their attempts to cross the border and live the â€Å"American Dream.† Most immigrants are motivated by the lure of lucrative employment across the border. They come to this country with the hope of finding a higher paying job. In most cases, the immigrants are young men who leave their families behind, but intend to earn enough money to eventually bring their loved ones across (Reza, 2003, personal interview). Over the past three decades, the influx of illegal immigrants has become even more noticeable (Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1999). In the year 2000, unauthorized immigrants accounted for about 2.5% of the U.S. population2. These immigrants’ illegal status is a serious obstacle in their search for employment. Almost all employers require some proof of United States citizenship. For citizens and legal immigrants, this is easily established through a driver’s license or state identification card. Illegal workers, on the other hand, obvi... .... 11 Jun. 2003. Day Labor Union Workers. Personal Interview. 25 Oct. 2003 Gonzalez, Daniel. â€Å"Future Will Require Immigrants by Millions for Jobs, Report Says.† The Arizona Republic 31 Aug. 2003 : A6. Reza, Salvador (Director of the Macehualli Day Labor Union). Personal Interview. 25 Oct. 2003. Smart pages. 2 Dec. 2003 U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. â€Å"Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: 1999 to 2000† 2 Dec. 2003 . U.S. Department of Labor. 2 Dec. 2003 minimumwage.htm>. Valenzuela, Abel Jr. â€Å"Day Labourers as Entrepreneurs?† Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 27.2 (2001) : 335-352 Valenzuela, Abel Jr. â€Å"Day Labor Work† Annual Review of Sociology 29 (2003) : 307-33

Precautionary Principle

Precautionary Principle The precautionary principle was arguably developed and originally implemented in Germany and Sweden, and it is these nations that remain the leading proponents of it. For example, it was one of these nations (Germany) that put the precautionary principle on the international stage, and today with regard to environmental regulation (in particular chemicals) it is Sweden that is pushing forward precautionary legislation in the European Union. There is a conflict between those who support the principle and those who oppose it. For example, American policy-makers have become increasingly concerned with the use of the concept by the EU, seeing it as a threat to scientific risk analysis as the main tool for regulation used hitherto. Academics in the United States point out that the US had precautionary elements in their regulations during the 1970s; but these elements turned out to be excessively costly and faulty, and so were abandoned following a Supreme Court judgment in 1980 (in an infamous case concerning benzene) which insisted that regulation must depend on scientific proof of risk. There is no one definition of the precautionary principle. One Swedish author, Per Sandin, lists 19 formulations, often individually vague and mutually contradictory. [1] The most commonly used definition is contained in the 1992 Rio Declaration, which stated that in order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by States according to their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation. One of the more rigorous analyze of the meanings of the precautionary principle have been put forward in work by Wiener and Rogers. They argue that there are three different formulations of the precautionary principle. These are:[2] †¢ Uncertainty does not justify inaction. In its most basic form, the precautionary principle is a principle that permits regulation in the absence of complete evidence about the particular risk scenario. Lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing measures to prevent environmental degradation-Bergen Declaration]. †¢ Uncertainty justifies action. This version of the precautionary approach is more aggressive. †¢ Uncertainty requires shifting the burden and standard of proof. This version of the precautionary principle is the most aggressive. It holds that uncertain risk requires forbidding the potentially risky activity until the proponent of the activity demonstrates that it poses no (or acceptable) risk. In this part of the report, the precautionary principle is analyzed in the context of the World Trade Organization and with respect to: i) GATT and exceptions in Article XX, ii) the Subsidiary Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS), and iii) the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT). The precautionary principle is the focus of intense debates in the fields of food safety and GMOs, particularly in the World Trade Organization. 3] Tensions over these issues grew in 1998 after an EC moratorium based on the precautionary principle was applied to GM products from the United States, Canada and Argentina. [4] In 2003, the affected exporting countries requested the establishment of a Dispute Settlement Body by the WTO. [5] World Trade Organization (WTO) The World Trade Organization (WTO) emerged on April 15,1994, predicated on the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) of 1947. [6] The reforms of this organization introduced ‘resolutions’ regardin g the environment. In its preamble, it mentions the ‘objective of sustainable development’ and â€Å"seeking both to protect and preserve the environment†. [7] In 1995, the Committee on Trade and the Environment was created to promote sustainable development and to identify a relationship between trade and the environment. [8] This Committee was created at the behest of the WTO at the end of the Uruguay Round. [9] WTO legislation since then has ad- dressed trade issues that substantially relate to the environment. 10] In spite of the ‘greening’ efforts to integrate the environment and trade, the WTO continues to pursue its objectives â€Å"by entering into reciprocal and mutually advantageous arrangement directed to the substantial reduction of tariffs and other barriers to trade and to the elimination of discriminatory treatment in international relations†. [11] WTO agreements that can potentially apply to ‘GMO restrictive measures’ contained in: Ar t. XX of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) of 1947,[12] The Subsidiary Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS). 13] A concise application of GATT rules to the GMO controversy will probably not allow stringent regulation of transgenic products such as the one by the European Community and consequently, the WTO will not allow the application of the precautionary principle. Among the measures contained in the GATT agreement that may represent a problem for the application of precautionary measures is the definition of a ‘like product’[14] and the ostensible product regulation the WTO has employed for products. 15] If the WTO decides to take this approach under GATT to GMOs, it will be largely impossible to sustain bans on these products. The precautionary principle as well may not survive scrutiny from the WTO since it would need to show sufficient scientific evidence that health effects derive from the consumption of GM products. Subsidiary Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) The SPS agreement was created in 1993, which by WTO parties to help reduce the incidence of non-tariff trade barriers imposed to protect, ostensibly, human, animal or plant life. 16] The WTO describes the focus of the SPS agreement: â€Å"To maintain the sovereign right it deems appropriate, but to ensure that these sovereign rights are not misused for protectionist purposes and do not result in unnecessary barriers to international trade†. [17] The SPS agreement does not provide states with acceptable sanitary standards; instead, it guides governments in establishing SPS rules. These guidelines are aimed at helping WTO members to (1) harmonize standards and (2) to assess the appropriate level of SPS protection based on an assessment of risks. Regarding (1) harmonization, under Art. , it recommends that states base their sanitary measures on international standards, guidelines or recommendations, whenever they exist. (2) With respect to the level of SPS protection, Art. 5 encourages states to base their sanitary standards of risks on scientific evidence. The precautionary principle or at least parts of this principle can be found in various parts of the SPS agreement. [18] Precaution is specifically incorporated in (1) the levels of protection, mentions that states can determine â€Å"the appropriate level of protection of human, animal or plant life or health†. 19] (2) In Art. 3. 3, which is precautionary in nature, the level of protection that can be implemented by states is addressed in the following manner: â€Å"members may introduce or maintain sanitary or Phytosanitary measures which result in a higher level of protection than would be achieved on measures based on the international standards†[20] and (3) Art. 5. 7, states that states can adopt higher standards provisionally â€Å"in cases where relevant scientific evidence is insufficient†. 21] The first case to put to t he test precautionary measures under the SPS was the Beef Hormones Dispute,[22] which was based on an embargo imposed by the European Community against US beef treated with artificial growth-enhancing hormones. This case seems to indicate how the WTO applies the precautionary principle. In this case, the European Community did not look at international standards for selecting the SPS l protection level, namely, in the Codex. According to Art. 3. 3 of this agreement, the EC had a right to increase the level of protection only when the ‘higher protection’ was based on a risk assessment. According to article 5. 7, the EC could have chosen higher standards temporarily until it acquired scientific evidence to support the SPS measures. Accordingly, when countries regulate GMOs, and impose standards more stringent than those found on the international level, they will be required to demonstrate a rational relationship between the regulations and the respective risk assessment. With respect to the precautionary principle, both the WTO panel and the appellate body refused to consider its evolution into a principle of international law. 23] However, they recognized that it was the focus of debate â€Å"among academics, law practitioners, regulators and judges†. [24] The appellate body, though, found that the precautionary principle was ‘reflected’ in the SPS agreement, but did not override the specific obligations in that agreement. [25] Based on the hormones case, the SPS agreement’s version of the precautionary principle relies on a scientifical ly based risk assessment. This standard is not likely to afford protection in cases where scientific evidence has not yet been developed. Nevertheless, countries can impose restrictions based on â€Å"provisional measures† to protect, at least temporarily, human health. The temporary moratorium is still more attractive than any alternative yet devised. Core elements of the precautionary principle have been included in trade agreements, particularly, a) in the SPS agreement, b) in chapter XX of the GATT. Although exceptions in these agreements allude to precaution, the discussion of this principle has been directly addressed under the SPS agreement; particularly, in the Hormone Case. The Appellate Body, in this case, said that the provisions of the SPS Agreement embraced the precautionary principle. [26] This principle, however, has been interpreted as being subordinated to clear and convincing scientific evidence to deal with uncertainties caused by lack of scientific evidence. The WTO, when deciding the case between the US and the EC over the moratorium on transgenic products,[27] is obliged by its own decisions to consider its rules not in isolation but in accordance with international law. 28] The precautionary measures by the EC have to be interpreted in accordance with multilateral environmental agreements. [29] The precautionary principle rests in the hands of the WTO; the way these institutions will interpret this principle will shape the future of protection in the international arena. If the WTO declares illegal the EC moratorium on transgenic products, countries will be reluctant to apply the precautionary principle even when the application of this pr inciple is required by a multilateral environmental agreement such as the Cartagena Protocol. An attack on the precautionary principle by the WTO can result in international conflicts between the trade and environmental regimes. Regional View of Precautionary Principle At the regional level, the precautionary principle has been embraced in different ways. In the European Community (EC), this principle plays a fundamental role in biodiversity and health protection, particularly in the field of GMOs. In North America, this principle does not play as fundamental a role in the North American Free Trade Agreement, but has been tangentially alluded to when GMO issues have been raised. The precautionary principle is particularly essential in the management of risk, which is considered in the EC within a structured approach to the analysis of risk encompassing, such as risk assessment, risk management and risk communication. To apply the precautionary principle, decision makers need to start with a scientific evaluation as comprehensive as possible for the purpose of identifying the degree of uncertainty. [30] Unlike in the European Community, the precautionary principle does not play a central role in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). 31] The principle is, nevertheless somehow embraced in this agreement through national legislation. It can be said, however, that the mere creation of the Commission of Environmental Cooperation (CEC) is a precautionary measure to prevent parties from indiscriminately exploiting the environment in the name of trade. While the CEC furthers environmental protection by promoting citizen complaints, its effectiveness is yet to be seen, particularly in the promotion and endorsement of environmental principles such as the precautionary principle. Conclusion In the areas of trade and environmental law, the GMO debate has escalated to the WTO. This organization, when considering the European moratoriums, will definitely shape the application of this principle. If the WTO finds European regulation to be inconsistent with trade agreements, countries will be less willing to apply this principle. At the regional level, while this principle has not been embraced in NAFTA, core elements are contained in national legislation. Although the precautionary principle has been considered in NAFTA by the CEC, this environmental organization is not fully independent and lacks authority to truly promote environmental values such as the precautionary principle. It has also argued that the precautionary principle is not contrary to science but to provide answers with regard to new technologies and in this case, GMOs. With regard to the foundations of this principle, it was argued that it was based on common sense (natural law), and that some of these elements are embodied in the statute of the international court of justice. The precautionary principle departs from anthropocentric attitudes and encompasses a holistic approach. It is not a definite solution and it will not change the world overnight,[32] but it can make a difference in the protection of human health and the environment by providing guidance to policy makers when considering threats posed by GMOs. Bibliography R. Burnett & V. Bath, Law of International Business in Australasia, The Federation Press, 2009. J. Mo, International Commercial Law, LexisNexis Butterworths, 4th edition, 2008. ———————– 1] P Sandin, ‘Dimensions of the precautionary principle' Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, Vol. 5(1999), n. 5, pp. 889-907. [2] JB Wiener and MD Rogers, ‘Comparing precaution in the United States and Europe', forthcoming in Journal of Risk Research, pp. 4-5. [3] Shaw, Sabrina y Schwartz, Risa, â€Å"The Cartagena Protocol and the WTO: Reflections on the Precautionary Principleâ⠂¬ , 10 Swiss Review of International and European Law at 537. [4] Bridgers, supra note 2, at 181 y 182. [5] Isaac, Grant E. y Kerr, William A. , Genetically Modified Organisms at the World Trade Organization: A Harvest of Trouble (2003) 37 J. World Trade at 1083. [6] Macmil l an, Fiona, WTO and the Environment, London, Sweet & Maxwel l , 2001, at 7. [7] See preamble of Marrakech Agreement of the World Trade Organization, Annex 1A, Legal Instruments of the Uruguay Round vol. 1, 33 ILM 1154 (1994). [8] Macmillan, supra note 92 at 12. [9] Ibidem, at 12 y 13. [10] Ibidem, at 12-16. Among the cases the WTO has addressed are: the Tuna-Dolphin cases, The Automobiles case, The Reformulated Gasoline and the Sea Turtle Case. [11] WTO preamble, supra note 93. [12] General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), Oct. 30, 1947, 61 Stat. A-11 TIAS 1700 UNTS 194, as modified by Marrakech Agreement of the World Trade Organization, Annex 1A, Legal Instruments of the Uruguay Round vol. 1, 33 ILM 1154 (1994). [13] Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) (15 April 1994), & â€Å"WTO Agreement, Annex 1A, 69†. http://www. wto. org/english/docs_e/legal_e/15-sps. pdf. [14] Art. 2. 6 of the Agreement of Implementation of Art. VI of the GATT 1994 on Antidumping and Countervailing Measures reads as follows: â€Å"Throughout this Agreement the term ‘like product’ (product similarity) shall be interpreted to mean a product which is identical, i. . alike in all respects to the product under consideration, or in the absence of such a product, another product which, although not alike in all respects, has characteristics closely resembling those of the product under consideration†. [15] Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the GATT, 1994. http://www. wto. org/english /docs_e/legal_e/19-adp. pdf. [16] Grosko, Brett, â€Å"Genetic Engineering and Internacional Law: Conflict or Harmony? An analysis of the Biosafety Protocol, GATT, and the WTO Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement† (2001) 20 Va. Envtl. L. J. 295 at 308. [17] WTO, â€Å"Understanding the WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures†. http://www. wto. org/wto/goods/spsund. htm. [18] Shaw, supra note 88 at 540. [19] SPS agreement, supra note 99, see preamble (1) 6. [20] Ibidem, Article 3. 3. [21] Ibidem, Article 5. 7. [22] EC Measures Concerning Meat & Meat Products, Panel Reports: Case WI/DS26/R/USA, August 18, 1997 & WT/DS48/R/CAN, August 18, 1997; Appellate Body Report: WT/DS26/AB/R&WT/DS48/AB/R, January 16, 1998 in supra note 115. 23] Macmillan, supra note 92 at 153 y 154. [24] Ibidem, at 153 y 154. [25] â€Å"World Trade Organization, summary on the Precautionary Principle,† http://www. wto. org/english/tratop_e/sps_e/sps_agreement_cbt_e/c8s2pl_e. htm. [26] Shaw, supra note 88 at 540. [27] Dispute Settlement Body, Panel WTO: European Communities Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products, WT/DS291/27, WT/DS292/21 and WT293/21, http://www. wto. org/english/ tratop_e/dispu_e/dispu_subjects_index_e. htm#gmos. 28] Appellate Body Report AB-1996-1,WT/DS2/AB/R at supra note 130. [29] Shaw, supra note 88. [30] Commission of the European Communities, â€Å"Communication of the application of the Precautionary Principle†, (2000). http://europa. eu. int/eur-lex/en/com/cnc/2000/com2000_0001en01. pdf. [31] Raustiala, Kal, â€Å"Precaution in the Federal Legislation of the NAFTA parties†, North America Environmental Law Policy Commission of Environmental Cooperation. http://www. cec. org/files/pdf/lawpolicy/naelp10_en. pdf. [32] Vanderzwaag, supra note 22 at 374 y 375.

Essay Obesity Americans Need to Change Their Way of Life

The United States is known world wide for being the land of opportunity. In the land of opportunity, why is it that the people are so overly concerned with everything in their lives that they apparently do not take care of their precious bodies? Why does the wealthiest country in the world act so carelessly when it comes to healthy eating and staying fit? The United States of America has an obesity rate of 65%, which is 22% higher than the rest of the world (Jamison). This striking statistic is mainly due to the overall way of life of Americans compared to the less spoiled countries around the world. Americans desperately need to change their ways of life so the obesity rate can shrink and the people can become healthier.†¦show more content†¦Later in these children?s lives, these adolescents have extremely inactive lives which causes them to become even fatter. Young children at that age in other countries are out and about with their friends, running around or even working, while staying healthy. American parents need to do a better job in producing healthier, more active children. In the 1980?s, when Americans were much leaner, children were pushed and guided towards being active. Instead of spending all day Saturday inside watching television, kids were playing games with friends. Calories were burnt off while running around instead of building into mounds of fat. Physical education in school was also mandatory. Schools now spend all their time and money in preparing students for standardized tests that physical education is beginning to disappear. This cuts out another 5-8 hours a week of activity from a child?s life (Ryan). Adults in the United States are obese also because of the new modern lifestyle. The majority of modern day jobs in the United States are focused around desks and computes with very little emphasis on physical activity. While Americans sit in their air conditioned offices, snacking away while typing on a computer, most other people around the world are working hard outside burning calories. Due to the lack of activity by Americans, calories are built up and stored as fat, helping Americans to becomeShow MoreRelatedObesity Is An Epidemic Across The United States1592 Words   |  7 PagesObesity has become an epidemic across the United States. Americans have continued to gain weight, increasing the amount of people that are considered obese by millions every few years. More and more experts have come to a consensus: weight needs to be addressed and changed in America. Many experts, however, have not found a way to completely solve this problem at large. In the article, â€Å" Rethinking Weight†, senior writer Amanda Spake directs attention to the barriers our society has built for obesityRead MoreThe Aspect Of American Culture1364 Words   |  6 Pages Aspect of American Culture The culture of a people is basically their way of life. Therefore, there is much logic in the deduction that culture shapes the mind of the society. Ethan Watters’ presents this idea in a rather great manner in his piece ‘Being Weird. Through the text, Watters largely blames the culture of the society for most of the major issues that have to be faced. In essence, what is greatly concurred with in the author’s postulation is that Westernization, as a result of the WesternRead MoreU.s School Food Regulation For Public Schools Essay1543 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican public schools have poor nutrition, and it causes obesity in teenagers. As a former student of the American public school systems, the condition of the food has been a problem for years. 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As a result, processed foodsRead MoreIs A Fax Tax Really Necessary?1408 Words   |  6 Pagesputting a tax on junk food, most of us will readily agree that it would help the obesity problem in America. Where this agreement usually ends, however, is on the question of taxing those foods and drinks that contain a lot of fat and sugar. Whereas some are convinced that it would help America tackle the obesity problem. Others maintain that it would just end up hurting America in many different other ways besides obesity. The current population of A merica would agree that having a tax on these products

Essay about Urban Homelessness in Canada - 2342 Words

Definition of Homelessness Homelessness can simply be defined as the lack of house or shelter. Hulchanski (n.d.) believes that homelessness is â€Å"a great unresolved political and social problem of our time.† He defines homelessness as: The absence of a place to live (a house or apartment or room - the physical structure) - which includes the absence of belonging to a place and the people living there (a home, in the social/psychological sense). [It refers to] situations in which people lack regular and customary access to adequate and appropriate conventional housing (the physical structures that are designed and intended to be permanent residential accommodation). A person who has no regular place to live stays in†¦show more content†¦At risk of houselessness refers to people who are at grave risk of losing their housing. This group includes â€Å"†¦those facing the risk of losing their shelter either by eviction or the expiry of the lease, with no other possibility of shelter in view. Prisoners or people living in other institutions facing their release and having no place to go to, are considered as part of this population† (Springer, 2000). What Causes Homelessness Springer notes that before people becomes homeless or houseless, they first experienced inadequate housing. Before becoming houseless, many people have been living in substandard housing situations. ...Households with a feeble and perhaps insecure income are likely to live in substandard housing units and might also experience houselessness because of economic difficulties† (Springer, 2000). For Jahiel (1992), homelessness happens not only because of people’s economic difficulties. Jahiel (1992) believes that â€Å"homelessness does not occur in a social vacuum. 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Ethical Issues in Financial Accounting - 2059 Words

Ethical issues arise in the midst of financial accounting on a frequent basis. Several tempting situations occur by the hour in firms of every kind. Society pressures individuals to do dishonest things in order to appear acceptable in the workplace, especially when working in finance or accounting. The majority of corporate America has disregarded the concept of ethics in the workplace. Although this is not morally correct, it happens on a daily basis in today’s world. Ethical issues, such as pressure from management to complete dishonest acts, greediness in the workplace, omitting financial records and breaking confidentiality with company records are some important problems financial accounting companies must address in order to run corporate America in a proper manner. Before developing a detailed perception of the ethical issues in financial accounting, one must know the concepts and ideas behind financial accounting. Financial accounting is a â€Å"field of accounting th at treats money as a means of measuring economic performance instead of as a factor of production† (Financial Accounting, 2014, para. 1). This particular field â€Å"encompasses the entire system of monitoring and control of money as it flows in and out of an organization as assets and liabilities, and revenues and expenses† (Financial Accounting, 2014, para. 1). It is evident that the structure of financial accounting allows much leeway for an individual to cheat the system in several ways. Employees in theShow MoreRelatedEthical Issues Of Financial Accounting984 Words   |  4 Pagesis the reporting to whom. Financial accounting is meant for external reporting to all who are interested in the company’s activities. But in management accounting it is altogether an internal reporting aimed at helping managers in discharging their responsibilities. Financial accounting basically contains monetary information. But managerial accounting will contain both monetary and non-monetary issues that are helpful to the management. For example financial accounting will show only finance relatedRead MoreEthical Issues Involving Information Accounting1193 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Ethical issues involving information accounting is a part of doing business and a large part of personal human ethics. Accounting ethics refer to codes or moral systems used to determine right and wrong in accounting. Accountants have a challenge with the arrival of information technology to observe business ethics in the field of accounting. Technology needs to be appreciated and used by accountants in the most important ways to improve efficiency, regulatory compliance, enhanceRead MoreThe Ethical Framework Of Accounting897 Words   |  4 PagesBusinesses, investors, creditors rely on accounting ethics. The accounting profession requires honesty, consistency with industry standards, and compliance with laws and regulations. The ethics increase the responsibility and integrity of accounting professionals, and public trust. The ethical requirements influence the management behavior and decision-making. The financial scandal of Enron and Arthur Anderson demonstrates the failure o f fundamental ethical framework, such as off-balance sheet transactionsRead MoreThe Effect Of Professional Ethics788 Words   |  4 PagesProfessional Ethics in U.S. Accounting Businesses, investors, creditors rely on accounting ethics. The accounting profession requires honesty, consistency with industry standards, and compliance with laws and regulations. The ethics increase the responsibility and integrity of accounting professionals, and public trust. Ethical requirements influence the management behavior and decision-making. The financial scandal of Enron and Arthur Anderson demonstrates the failure of fundamental ethical framework such asRead Morethe legal ethical and technological conerns paper1087 Words   |  5 Pages The Legal, Ethical, and Technological Concerns Paper For as long as businesses have existed, so has accounting. With time, it has become more complicated and detailed, but it is still a process of keeping financial accounts in order. Through accounting, or financial reporting, a system is set up to keep track of, maintain and audit the financial proceedings. Because accounting and financial reporting of a business is so important for its accuracy and in general, a lot of ethical, technologicalRead MoreSNC-Lavalin Group Inc: Accounting Ethics1638 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Accounting ethics Introduction SNC-Lavalin Group Inc. is an engineering and construction company headquartered in Montreal, Canada. It is one of the top five global design companies in the world. The company has been involved in major engineering and construction projects in the world in Canada, Madagascar, Australia, and Spain. The company has more than 30,000 employees and a turnover of over 6 billion Canadian dollars. Recently in March of 2012, the companys CEO, Pierre Duhaime resigned asRead MoreEthical Issues Faced by the Accountancy Profession Essay1747 Words   |  7 Pagesestablishing public trust in financial reporting and business practise. Yet this can and has come under threat when clients and employees are exposed to the risk of fraud when accounting ethics are not adhered to. Codes of ethics are adopted to ensure the reliability, comparability and integrity of financial statements. Ethical standards exist to safeguard the fundamental principles of accountancy and recognize threats to these principle s so judgement can be made to resolve ethical dilemmas. However an accountantRead MoreStandard Issues: Aicpa993 Words   |  4 PagesStandard Issues: AICPA The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants has created a code of professional conduct that all certified public accountants must follow. This code of conduct lists the responsibilities CPAs have when working with a company s financial information. The AICPA also includes information regarding the integrity, objectivity, independence and due care that CPAs must use when working in the accounting industry. The AICPA offers an ethics course for accountants to refreshRead MoreEnron - Ethical Dilemma Essay1129 Words   |  5 PagesEthical decision making: A dilemma Ethical issues have greatly transformed in our lives since the great Enron, Xerox and other huge corporations proposed big profits showing earnings of billions of dollars and yet in reality facing bankruptcy. These corporations faced great trouble with the federals and state for manipulating financial statements. But not only corporations can be blamed on this, accounting firms were involved in this as much as the corporations were. With the business standRead MoreLegal And Regulatory Environments And Ethics1712 Words   |  7 PagesFraud and Forensic Accounting Curriculum Forensic accounting is defined as the action of identifying, recording, settling, extracting, sorting, reporting, and verifying past financial data or other accounting activities for settling current or prospective legal disputes or using such past financial data for projecting future financial data to settle legal disputes. Forensic accountant are very important part of the business for the expert services, legal system such as financial statement analysis

Computer Crimes Laws Must Be Pass To Address The Essay Example For Students

Computer Crimes: Laws Must Be Pass To Address The Essay Increase In ComputerComputer Crimes: Laws Must Be Pass To Address The Increase In Computer CrimesTHESIS: Laws must be passed to address the increase in the number and types ofcomputer crimes. Over the last twenty years, a technological revolution has occurred as computersare now an essential element of todays society. Large computers are used totrack reservations for the airline industry, process billions of dollars forbanks, manufacture products for industry, and conduct major transactions forbusinesses because more and more people now have computers at home and at theoffice. People commit computer crimes because of societys declining ethical standardsmore than any economic need. According to experts, gender is the only bias. Theprofile of todays non-professional thieves crosses all races, age groups andeconomic strata. Computer criminals tend to be relatively honest and in aposition of trust: few would do anything to harm another human, and most do notconsider their crime to be truly dishonest. Most are males: women have tended tobe accomplices, though of late they are becoming more aggressive. ComputerCriminals tend to usually be between the ages of 14-30, they are usually bright,eager, highly motivated, adventuresome, and willing to accept technicalchallenges.(Shannon, 16:2)It is tempting to liken computer criminals to other criminals, ascribingcharacteristics somehow different fromnormal individuals, but that is not the case.(Sharp, 18:3) It is believedthat the computer criminal often marches to the same drum as the potentialvictim but follows and una nticipated path.(Blumenthal, 1:2) There is no actualprofile of a computer criminal because they range from young teens to elders,from black to white, from short to tall. Definitions of computer crime has changed over the years as the users andmisusers of computers have expanded into new areas. When computers were firstintroduced into businesses, computer crime was defined simply as a form ofwhite-collar crime committed inside a computer system.(2600:Summer 92,p.13)Some new terms have been added to the computer criminal vocabulary. TrojanHorse is a hidden code put into a computer program. Logic bombs are implanted sothat the perpetrator doesnt have to physically present himself or herself.(Phrack 12,p.43) Another form of a hidden code is salamis. It came from thebig salami loaves sold in delis years ago. Often people would take smallportions of bites that were taken out of them and then they were secretlyreturned to the shelves in the hopes that no one would notice themmissing.(Phrack 12,p.44)Congress has been reacting to the outbreak of computer crimes. The U.S. Houseof Judiciary Committee approved a bipartisan computer crime bill that wasexpanded to make it a federal crime to hack into credit and other data basesprotected by federal privacy statutes.(Markoff, B 13:1) This bill is generallycreating several categories of federal misdemeanor felonies for unauthorizedaccess to computers to obtain money, goods or services or classified information. This also applies to computers used by the federal government or used ininterstate of foreign commerce which would cover any system accessed byinterstate telecommunication systems. Computer crime often requires more sophistications than people realizeit.(Sullivan, 40:4) Many U.S. businesses have ended up in bankruptcy courtunaware that they have been victimized by disgruntled employees. Americanbusinesses wishes that the computer security nightmare would vanish like a fairytale. Information processing has grown into a gigantic industry. It accountedfor $33 billion in services in 1983, and in 1988 it was accounted to be $88billion. (Blumenthal, B 1:2)All this information is vulnerable to greedy employees, nosy-teenagers andgeneral carelessness, yet no one knows whether the sea of computer crimes isonly as big as the Gulf of Mexico or as huge as the North Atlantic.(Blumenthal,B 1:2) Vulnerability is likely to increase in the future. And by theturn of the century, nearly all of the software to run computers will be boughtfrom vendors rather than developed in houses, standardized software will maketheft easier. (Carley, A 1:1)A two-year secret service investigation code-named Operation Sun-Devil, targetedcompanies all over the United States and led to numerous seizures. Critics ofOperation Sun-Devil claim that the Secret Service and the FBI, which have almosta similar operation, have conducted unreasonable search and seizures, theydisrupted the lives and livelihoods of many people, and generally conductedthemselves in an unconstitutional manner. My whole life changed because of thatoperation. They charged me and I had to take them to court. I have to thank 2600and Emmanuel Goldstein for publishing my story. I owe a lot to the fellowhackers and fellow hackers and the Electronic Frontier Foundation for coming upwith the blunt of the legal fees so we could fight for our rights. (Interviewwith Steve Jackson, fellow hacker, who was charged in operation Sun Devil) Thecase of Steve Jackson Games vs. Secret Service has yet to come to a verdict yetbut should very soon. The secret service seized all of Steve Jacksons computermaterials which he made a l iving on. They charged that he made games thatpublished information on how to commit computer crimes. He was being chargedwith running a underground hack system. I told them it was only a game and thatI was angry and that was the way that I tell a story. I never thought HackerSteve Jacksons game would cause such a problem. My biggest problem was thatthey seized the BBS (Bulletin Board System) and because of that I had to makedrastic cuts, so we laid of eight people out of 18. If the Secret Service hadjust come with a subpoena we could have showed or copied every file in thebuilding for them.(Steve Jackson Interview)Computer professionals are grappling not only with issues of free speech andcivil liberties, but also with how to educate the public and the media to thedifference between on-line computer experimenters. They also point out that,while the computer networks and the results are a new kind of crime, they areprotected by the same laws and freedom of any real world domain. Changes To The Bill Of Rights EssayCONCLUSIONComputer crimes are fast and growing because the evolution of technology is fast,but the evolution of law is slow. While a variety of states have passedlegislation relating to computer crime, the situation is a national problem thatrequires a national solution. Controls can be instituted within industries toprevent such crimes. Protection measures such as hardware identification, accesscontrols software and disconnecting critical bank applications should be devised. However, computers dont commit crimes; people do. The perpetrators bestadvantage is ignorance on the part of those protecting the system. Properinternal controls reduce the opportunity for fraud. BIBLIOGRAPHYAlexander, Charles, Crackdown on Computer Capers,Time, Feb. 8, 1982, V119. Ball, Leslie D., Computer Crime, Technology Review,April 1982, V85. Blumenthal,R. Going Undercover in the Computer Underworld. New York Times, Jan. 26, 1993, B, 1:2. Carley, W. As Computers Flip, People Lose Grip in Saga of Sabatoge at PrintingFirm. Wall Street Journal, Aug. 27, 1992, A, 1:1. Carley, W. In-House Hackers: Rigging Computers for Fraud or Malice Is Often anInside Job. Wall Street Journal, Aug 27, 1992, A, 7:5. Markoff, J. Hackers Indicted on Spy Charges. New York Times, Dec. 8, 1992, B,13:1. Finn, Nancy and Peter, Dont Rely on the Law to Stop Computer Crime, ComputerWorld, Dec. 19, 1984, V18. Phrack Magazine issues 1-46. Compiled by Knight Lightning and Phiber Optik. Shannon, L R. THe Happy Hacker. New York Times, Mar. 21, 1993, 7, 16:2. Sharp, B. The Hacker Crackdown. New York Times, Dec. 20, 1992, 7, 18:3. Sullivan, D. U.S. Charges Young Hackers. New York Times, Nov. 15, 1992, 1,40:4. 2600: The Hacker Quarterly. Issues Summer 92-Spring 93. Compiled by Emmanuel G

To Kill a Mockingbird Chapter 1-8 Summary free essay sample

Dill came up every summer. Jem, Scout and Dill spent most of the summer trying to learn more about the Radley’s. Boo Radley never comes out of his home and the children are determined to try and get him out. Dill dares Jem to touch the porch. Jem finally gives in and when he touches the porch Scout sees movement in the house. When September comes Dill goes back to Meridian, and Scout begins to look forward to starting first grade. Jem tries to warn his sister that school and home are two completely different places. Miss Fisher is not happy to find out that Scout already knows how to read and write. Miss Fisher has come prepared to install a modern system for teaching reading, and it upsets her that Scout has managed to learn to read at home. Miss Fisher realizes that Walter Cunningham has forgotten his lunch. We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill a Mockingbird Chapter 1-8 Summary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She gives him a quarter and is expecting a quarter in return the next day. She does not know that Cunningham’s are very poor. Scout tries to point this out to the teacher but gets punished. Jem decided to have Walter over for lunch. They are all eating when Scout makes fun of the way Walter eats his food. Instantly Calpurina makes Scout leave the table. Calpurnia makes rules, establishes order, and must be obeyed just like any other adult. Later that afternoon, back in school, Miss Caroline learns another lesson about country kids. Burris Ewell has cooties. She told him to go home and while he was leaving he said some very mean gestures to her. The Ewell’s are known to go to the first day of school and never come back. After school that day Scout tells Atticus that the teacher told her to stop reading at home. Scout and Atticus make a compromise: Scout can keep on reading at home, but she will have to go back to school and try to get along better with her teacher. Nothing really interesting happens until the spring, when Scout and Jem discover that someone is leaving small objects in a knothole in an old oak tree on the corner of the Radley property. At first Scout finds two sticks of chewing gum. They also find two old Indian head pennies in the knothole. One day they decide to take turns rolling down the street inside an old car tire. On her first ride, Scout gets pushed too fast and ends up rolling into theq forbidden territory of the Radleys front yard. She doesnt tell the boys, but she is sure that she heard someone laughing at them from inside the Radley house. As the summer goes on, Jem and Dill become inseparable. For the first time, Scout feels left out because she is a girl. She forms a special friendship with Miss Maudie, a widowed lady who lives next door. Miss Maudie spends as much time as possible working outdoors in her garden and also makes fun of Miss Stephanie Crawford, the neighborhood gossip. On the last night of Dills visit, he and Jem come up with their most daring game yet. They are going to sneak up and peek through a Radley window. Jem goes first, and he crawled across the porch to one of the windows when, suddenly, Scout sees the shadow of a man fall across the porch. As they flee they hear the fire of a shotgun. In their scurry, Jems pants get caught on a fence. He jumps out of them and runs for his life. They fool Atticus with their explanation that Jem lost his pants to a game of strip poker. In the middle of the night Jem goes back to the Radley place to get his pants. To his surprise the pants were mended and neatly hung over the wires. Later in the fall Jem and Scout find more things in the knothole. They find two small dolls carved out of soap, chewing gum, and an old pocket watch with a penknife. Nathan Radley fills the knothole with cement suggesting that the tree was dying. For the first time in more than a century, snowfalls in Maycomb County. Miss Maudie’s house catches fire and burns to the ground. While Jem and Scout are freezing outside watching the fire, someone puts a blanket around them. They suspect that Boo put the blanket around them because he was the only one who was not helping out with the fire.